Racism In The Movies Essay - 621 Words

Spike Lee’s, Do The Right Thing is a comtemporary look at racism in a ordinary city urban neighborhood. The movie is seen through the eyes of the main character, Mookey, we are shown the multiple relationships and often typical stereotypes of racial groups. This movies is filled with symbolism and imagery that feeds to the story’s plot. Throughout the movie, the scorching heat is always being refereed to. As the movie goes on , the heat rises. I think this is done to represent the increasing racial tension within the neighborhood. The movie uses many situations to paint a picture of the racial tension and inequality. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The main plot of the movie involves the relationship that a black neighborhood has with an†¦show more content†¦They are all blacks. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Yet a third conflict occurs between residents of the neighborhood and the Korean owners of convenience. Here there is a small language barrier that leads to some of the frustration. Another, larger part of the problem is that residents see the majority of the business in their (black) neighborhood as being owned by non blacks. This serves to create anger toward the owners of these business. The residents think that unfair that things are this way. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A fourth incident occurs when a white male is walking his bike across the street and accidentally scuffs the kicks of one of the neighborhood blacks. The black guy get very upset because the white man did not apologize,and begins to chase after him. The black guy catches the white guy and starts to reprimand him and threatened him. The white man then responds by saying that the neighborhood is his. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The movie ends in a final confrotation at Sal’s in which the police are called and a local black resident of the neighborhood is killed by the police while they are trying to restrain him. This actoin by the police sets the other black residents off. They begin to riot and proceed to destroy Sal’s pizza joint. They almost destroy the Korean store too, except that the owner keeps yelling that he is one of them (black). This act seems to satisfy the mob.Show MoreRelatedRacism in Disney Movies Essay5488 Words   |  22 PagesSullivan 30 March 2010 Racism in Disney During the last several decades, the media has become a strong agent in directing and controlling social beliefs and behaviors. Children, by nature, can be particularly susceptible to the influencing powers of the media, opening an avenue where media created especially for children can indoctrinate entire generations. Disney movies, like all other media â€Å"are powerful vehicles for certain notions about our culture,† such as racism. (Giroux 32). Racist scenesRead MoreAmerican Sport Movies Dealing with Racism6989 Words   |  28 Pages1. American Sport Movies There are few countries in the world in which sports permeate national life to the degree that it does in the United States. Sports are a big part of the fabric of American life. The centrality of sports in American life is amply reflected in the American cinema. For decades movie makers have successfully mined sports to produce some of the most inspiring, poignant, exciting and memorable American movies ever made. The genre of ‘Sport Movies’ established in the FiftiesRead MoreMovies Control: Sex and Violence1436 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays, the media has a greater influence than ever on what the public believes and accepts. Research shows that the amount and realism of violence and sex in movies has skyrocketed, influencing the views of our generation. However, little to no attention is placed on the effects of movies on our views of racism, sexism, classism, and heteronormativity. Before watching a movie, you can get a general idea of how much sex and violence it will contain, in order to decide if it is appropriate for youRead More Comparing the Movies A Time to Kill, by John Grisham and To Kill a Mockingbird1285 Words   |  6 PagesHollywoodized, modern-day version of To Kill a Mockingbird. Both movies employ many of the same themes and plot elements; but the former movie is one-dimensional and predictable while the latter is innovative and purposeful. The movie version of Harper Lees novel To Kill a Mockingbird is considered a classic film, whereas John Grisham?s adapted novel is merely another example of the money making efforts of Hollywood. Some of the movies more prominent themes are the same. Both focus on the familyRead MoreA Time to Kill and to Kill a Mockingbird1314 Words   |  6 PagesHollywoodized, modern-day version of To Kill a Mockingbird. Both movies employ many of the same themes and plot elements; but the former movie is one-dimensional and predictable while the latter is innovative and purposeful. The movie version of Harper Lees novel To Kill a Mockingbird is considered a classic film, whereas John Grishams adapted novel is merely another example of the money making efforts of Hollywood. Some of the movies more prominent themes are the same. Both focus on the familyRead MoreHate And The Video Games Can Be Played By Anyone Because Of Their Safe Ratings For Younger People819 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of people to fight each other in hatred of the other. The killing of one group of people in a game can be taken by some as racism or anti-semitic. But most games don’t try to disseminate or intentionally express hateful racism to other cultures. Rather, encourage and build positive cooperation with others in the gaming community and not being fazed by hatred or racism. Award winning journalist Daniel Terdiman writes that video games have hateful meanings toward a certain group of peopleRead MoreThe Controversial Problem Of Racism941 Words   |  4 Pagesaddressed is racism. In our society, the controversial problem of racism has been a topic quite often talked about. Cases of Martin Luther King Jr., President Obama, Rosa Parks, etc. emphasize this point. Alveda King, a civil rights activist, stated, â€Å"Racism springs from the lie that certain human beings are less than fully human. It’s a self-centered falsehood that corrupts our minds into believing we are right to treat others as we would not want to be treated.† Today, we face racism everywhereRead MoreRace Is a Significant Factor in Identification of Individuals and Groups1493 Words   |  6 Pagesbattle is over. This fantasy mentality is due the naturalized process of racism and racial discrimination (Hall, 272). Naturalized racism is especially dominant in aspects of pop culture including television, and movies. Racism has been commodified and depicted as an act of celebration, which adds to the invisibility. Pop culture has an influential role in constructing and producing the celebratory and commodified ideology of racism. Stuart Hall claims that to understand the ideology of race it isRead MoreCultural Aspects Of American Culture1345 Words   |  6 PagesThree cultural aspects that I observed in the movies are assimilation, acculturation, and enculturation. I saw assimilation in both Spanglish and Crash. In Spanglish, Cristina was the one who went through assimilation. She adapted the American culture and left behind her Hispanic culture. She learned English, Mrs. Clasky took her shopping, and she was able to go to a private school. In the movie Crash, assimilation is seen through all the different people who have adopted the American lifestyle.Read MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Get Out787 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Im T.S... motherfuckin-A. We handle shit. Thats what we do. Consider this situation... fuckin handled.† Get Out(2017), a modern-day twist on the ongoing issue of racism. It follows the story of an interracial couple, Chris Washington(Daniel Kaluuya) and Rose Armitage (Allison William s) visiting Rose’s parents for their annual labor day party. Jordan Peele, the director, captured the audience by having them at the edge of their seats from all of the suspense but added comedic relief to break

Essay on The Genius of the American Constitution - 1094 Words

â€Å"When people fear the government, there is tyranny. When the government fears the people, there is liberty.† By 1787, the enlightened statesmen began to understand and accept the flaws of the Articles of Confederation. It was too weak and did not allow the new nation’s economy to thrive. The system under these articles failed to create a strong central government and even lacked a court system. One major weakness of the central government was that they could not tax the states and this lead to an uneven distribution of power, and the states became overwhelmingly powerful. The challenge was to write a new constitution that was strong enough to hold the country and states together, secure the rights of the people, and not allow a single†¦show more content†¦The judicial branch also has the job of deciding the application of a law and protecting laws form passing that are unconstitutional. Another separation of power was put into place in the legislative bran ch to solve the problem of big states vs small states. This problem would be solved by having two parts of congress, the senate and the House of Representatives. The senate would consist of two representatives or senators from each state, while the house representatives would vary from state to state according to population. The small states were happy in the senate because they had the same say as larger states, whereas in the house, larger states were happy because they had more votes. This protected against tyranny because not one state or representative could gain absolute power. Having three branches with separate powers defends against tyranny simply because instead of having one power such as the king of England, who made all of the decisions, there are multiple parts of the government working together to come to an agreeable solution. (Document B, D) The Separation of powers on its own could not prevent tyranny. Although, the branches of power we distinct and unique, they â €Å"[Were not to be] so far separated as to have no constitutional control over each other.† TheShow MoreRelatedThe Genius of the American Constitution1000 Words   |  4 Pages The Genius of the American Constitution Since the advent of human government, one of the principle fears held by the constituents of the government has always been to prevent any form of tyranny or abuse within it. Tyranny can be loosely described as one person or a group of people having total power in a government leading to the subjugation and oppression of people’s rights. Many new nations wish to eliminate any aspect of their government that may eventually lead to tyranny. The United StatesRead MoreWilliam Lloyd Garrison Was A Brave Journalist1585 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Lloyd Garrison was a brave journalist whose biggest goal was to end the enslavement of African- Americans. In 1805, the inspiring journalist, was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts where he endured extreme poverty. For example, Garrison was abandoned by his father at the age of three and was raised by a single mother. In 1816, Garrison struggled in grammar school and he even said that â€Å"he did not know one single rule of grammar.â⠂¬  Even though, Garrison was ten years old, he was not that brightRead MoreThe United States Of America1171 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States of America: the land of the free and the home of the brave. This country is supposed to be a paragon of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness and it has been so preached for generations. The constitution testifies that all men are created equal. It states that all men are free; free from religious prosecution and oppression and exclusion. America’s forefathers fought for their independence, constructed a nation, set their beliefs in stone, and vowed to live accordingly. HistoryRead MoreWilliam Lloyd Garrison:His Impact On The Abolitionist Movement.1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Abolitionist Movement William Lloyd Garrison was a leader among the American abolitionists, a self-made journalist, and social reformer. He was world renown, considered one of the most vocal opponents of slavery before the Civil War. Garrison made an impact on the abolitionist movement by promoting non-violent and non-political resistance, calling for the immediate end to slavery as well as equal rights for black Americans. William Lloyd Garrison was born in December 1805 in Newburyport, MassachusettsRead MoreJudicial Restraint/Activism Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesJudicial Restraint/Activism Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. said it the best in his speech to the Text Teaching Symposium, We current Justices read the Constitution in the only way that we can: as Twentieth Century Americans. Justice Brennan also called the Constitution a fundamentally public text and called for its use to resolve public issues. If that is true, then the document must be interpreted from todays perspective - Judicial Activism. However, using only that approach wouldRead MoreEssay on Biography of Alexander Hamilton 1054 Words   |  5 Pagesmerchant Nicholas Cruger, keeping Crugers business records, and coordinating business efforts between the merchant ship captains, government officials, and planters. Cruger and a local Presbyterian minister, Reverend Hugh Knox, recognized Hamiltons genius and persuaded him to leave St. Croix for New York City. Alexander left the island in 1772, never to return again. In New YorkRead MoreAmerica Is Responsible For Transcending The Way Government Functions859 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica is responsible for transcending the way government functions. The idea that people have certain inalienable rights that are God given was revolutionary thinking for the era of the founding fathers. There have been many instances throughout American history where we have failed to live up to the founding principles from the Declaration of Independence, of: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness— for all our citizens— but we have also had many moments of inspiration in being trailblazersRead MoreGeorge Washington : The American Of American National History Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Washington stands at the origins of American national history. Many Americans call him â€Å"the father of our country†. Washington commanded the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War. He led the American colonists to freedom from British rule. H e headed the convention that created the U.S. Constitution, as president of the republic Washington has created a basis for a federal government in which the Americans were able to find their national agreement. Despite his accomplishments as a generalRead More freedom of speech Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å" Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press† -First Amendment, U.S. Constitution. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;According to the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, one of the basic principles our country is based on is the freedom of speech. Because of this, as eras and ages have passed in this still young and growing country, this amendment has had a greater use then statedRead MoreThe Revolution Of The 19th Century1609 Words   |  7 Pagesman, Simon Bolivar, regarded by many as the greatest genius that the Latin American world has ever produced. His life was profoundly influential on the history of the Americas, and it changed them for the better. The revolution began when Napoleon conquered Spain in the Peninsular war. He then installed his brother Joseph as king of Spain, booting out the Bourbon Dynasty. This inflamed the tensions that had been going on in the Spanish American colonies for a long time, as there were disagreements

Business and Corporations Law Common Law Jurisdictions

Question: Describe about the Business and Corporations Law for Common Law Jurisdictions. Answer: The concept of past consideration being not good consideration is no longer valid since the High Trees case. Analysis Issue: In common law of jurisdiction, a contract is a piece of legal document to enforce a promise to be contained in a deed or supported by a consideration. Considerations are one of the building blocks of a contract. In Australia, the law of contract in Common Law Jurisdictions concerned with bargain. The consideration for a promise is a situation where some profit, interest or benefits accrues to one party who is making a promise as a result of some loss, detriment or responsibility that has been undertaken by the promise. The common statement pertaining to a consideration is often expressed as consideration should be executor or executes and not past. As an illustration, an example of past consideration can be cited where an owner of an office arranges to make additional woodwork at the outside of adjacent office as a voluntary act while the adjacent is on closed. When the owner of adjacent office returned, he was happy with other companys kindness and promises to share the cost. Later if the owner of the adjacent office would refuse to pay, the owner of the office who performed extra woodworks cant take any action as past consideration is no consideration. This principle has a link with Oak Tree Housing Property way back in mid twentieth century during World War II. Before the World War 2 broke out, the owner of this housing property had lease agreement on a certain rate. However, during the World War II, many of the flats got vacant the owner had to settle new lease agreement with a lower rate where no time limit was specified. Once the war was over, the demand for housing went up and the owner wanted to go back to earlier higher lease rate. But it was considered as the case of past consideration (Valente, 2010). Consideration stands for value of something which is promised for the purpose of entering into a contract. Consideration may be of any type including money, goods, services or some actions which is agreed upon. Each contract contains a consideration which binds the agreement legally and this forms a critical part of formation of contract. Hence the benefit is enjoyed through past consideration while making a contract. Otherwise, every party signing the contract promised to do something for the exchange of some consideration. The absence of proper consideration in tangible form cannot force anyone to enter into a contract. Hence if there is no consideration specified in a contract, the same is going to be void and not enforceable. The contracts can be of different types with the nature of participants. It may be bilateral or unilateral contracts. Bilateral contract are being made between two parties who enter into an agreement for some consideration with the action of making mutual pr omises to one another for some considerable purpose. For unilateral contract, there are two parties who have entered into an agreement for some monetary consideration for some job promise by other party. Normally parties of bilateral contract are bounded with their promises during the time when the promise was made. But unilateral contract normal used to bind a person who had initiated the process making promise. So the other party to the unilateral contract is not considered as making provision of for consideration till the time he had ensured the action as promised under the contract. Normally the courts do not involve them in the debate of amount of consideration to be exchanged as per the agreement of the contract. At times it is observed that the minimal or nominal value can be initiated as the constituent of the contract to be endorsed as consideration. In case of reviewing past consideration, the court concentrates in the main issue of the value of consideration to be proved as sufficient. The mandatory implication of consideration is to make compliance of the promise for the current contract(ASX, 2016). Rule: The conventional rule related to agreement is a promise which is based upon the foundation of moral or past consideration is to be treated as a promise to donate with no force as such from any party. There are three main situations which are treated as exception to traditional rule. They are: Promise to repay a debt which is proved to be barred by statute of limitations enforceable although if there is some new consideration is implemented. The second exception to this act states that a promise which is based upon morality with consideration of the past is not enforceable is a promise which binds to perform an obligation which can be voidable in nature. This promise can be enforceable even with the absence of fresh consideration till the time the new promise is made which is not subject to the prevailing defence which made the main obligation as voidable. The third exception applicable to the act which says that the promises which are based on moral or past consideration are not liable to be enforced while repayment of debts is void due to the occurrence of bankruptcy(Legislation, 2001). Case study- Research: During the hearing of the case the judge, Denning J decided that the mount of full rent is to be paid since the period when the flats got fully occupied in mid 1945. Again he added that without any precedence created the statement that in case of the Central London tried to recover the full rent from 1940 onwards, they would not be allowed to do so, as per the case judgment of Hughes Vs. Metropolitan Railway Co. Basic reason for this was that in case of any party makes other party trust that there will be no enforcement of his legal rights, then the court will restrict him to do so at a post-stage. Hence decision, without creating any precedence is created the doctrine of promissory estoppel. There were attempts made to make the utilisation of the doctrine promissory estoppels after High Trees for creating new effort in the application of the contractual law through Pinnels case which says that an agreement of accepting part payment against any debt as full consideration is with full satisfaction. The judge of the High Trees case, Lord Denning told without creating any precedence that the enforceable agreement like this will be treated as within the periphery of doctrine of promissory estoppel. Although the court is not willing to accept the case of Pinnel and Foakes V Beer due to the reason that it had formed part of common law by neglecting the full law at their wish. There is other verdict from Lady Justice Arden in case of Collier V P MJ Wright, it had been accepted on principle that the judgement of High Trees should be used for the purpose of extinguishing right of the creditor to tense full payment of any debt in such phenomenon. In the case of Amalgamated Investm ent Co. V Texas Bank, the judgment was that the doctrine of promissory estoppels could be treated as a sword and not like a shield which means that estoppels can be used as the cause of action and not for the purpose of defending any action(Abc, 2012). References: Abc, 2012. James Hardie directors breached duties: court. [Online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-05-03/high-court-rules-in-favour-of-asic-in-hardie-case/3987196 [Accessed 16 September 2016]. ASX, 2016. Annual General Meeting. [Online] Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20160418/pdf/436kwng9dkn2sf.pdf [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Austlii, 2001. CORPORATIONS ACT 2001 - SECT 45A. [Online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s45a.html [Accessed 09 September 2016]. Cunningham, W.M., 2012. The JOBS Act: Crowdfunding for Small Businesses and Startups; https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_ki98dpPksECprintsec=frontcoverdq=crowdfundinghl=ensa=Xsqi=2ved=0ahUKEwjQxN7z8ujOAhXGp48KHcpoCGAQ6AEIJjAC#v=onepageq=crowdfundingf=false. In Cunningham, W.M. The JOBS Act. Apress. pp.1-52. Legislation, 2001. Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00003 [Accessed 09 September 2016]. Valente, D., 2010. Consideration and Intention in the Law of Contract; https://www.otago.ac.nz/law/research/journals/otago036314.pdf. Enforcing Promises, pp.1-55.

Lukacs free essay sample

# 8217 ; Reification And Heller # 8217 ; s Theory Of Needs In Marx Essay, Research Paper 1. A small over a decennary after the # 8220 ; prostration of Communism # 8221 ; , it might look that Marxist theory has been relegated to little more than an historical or even archaeological artifact with small relevancy to or influence over an of all time encroaching and spread outing, globalizing capitalist economy. Socialism # 8220 ; proper # 8221 ; , as a province economic theoretical account and political orientation seems to hold been banished to the borders of the universe scene. The black consequences in footings of the absolutisms and dictatorship that have ensued wherever an effort has been made to implement a socialist theoretical account ; the Fukuyaman announcement of the # 8220 ; terminal of history # 8221 ; after communism collapsed, this terminal being equated with the eschatological victory of free-market capitalist economy ; and the insisting of transnational endeavors and capitalist authoritiess on the enlargement of planetary capital appear to some extent to hold marked the decease of socialism and Marxist review. 2. However, it can non be denied that cardinal contradictions remain and are increasing in strength. Recent events, such as frequently violent presentations whenever and wherever organic structures seen to be representative of planetary capitalist economy, such as the World Trade Organisation, meet, and the rush in anti-western sentiment, particularly in Islamic middle-eastern states, point to a tendency that now denies the exultant temper in the West during the early 1890ss. Magnus and Cullenberg referred to these already in 1994 in their Introductions to Derrida # 8217 ; s Ghosts of Marx: Given the troubles some democratic, free market economic systems are sing # 8211 ; including the predicament of the homeless, the deficiency of equal wellness attention, environmental debasement, and tremendous debt burdens # 8211 ; what kind of theoretical account for the hereafter do we hold? And what is one to do of the destructive, even violent # 8220 ; nationalisms # 8221 ; which have followed in the aftermath of the prostration of communism, non to advert deadly signifiers of ethnocentrism and xenophobia possibly non seen since Hitler # 8217 ; s Germany? What does this imply so for? the planetary economic system and life throughout our shared universe? ( eight ) Derrida besides takes note of the economic contradictions sabotaging the # 8220 ; stop # 8221 ; of history: And how can one overlook, furthermore, the economic war that is ramping today both between [ the United States and the European Community ] and within the European Community? How can one minimise the struggles of the GATT pact and all that it represents, which the composite schemes of protectionism recall every twenty-four hours, non to advert the economic war with Japan and all the contradictions at work within the trade between the affluent states and the remainder of the universe, the phenomena of indigence and the fierceness of the # 8220 ; foreign debt # 8221 ; , the effects of what [ Marx s ] Manifesto besides called # 8220 ; the epidemic of overrun # 8221 ; and the # 8220 ; province of fleeting brutality # 8221 ; ? it can bring on in alleged civilised societies, and so forth? ( 1994: 63 ) 3. We have seen the effects of the GATT struggles in metropoliss like Seattle and Melbourne, with large-scale presentations against the World Trade Organisation. Much more powerful, flooring and eventful a symbol of late capitalist contradictions, nevertheless, is the devastation of the towering World Trade Centre in New York by self-destruction bombers earlier this twelvemonth and the resulting # 8220 ; War on Terrorism # 8221 ; waged by the West upon Afghanistan. 4. It seems though, that with the # 8220 ; stop # 8221 ; of history, the West has besides experienced the loss of history. A genuinely critical ( self- ) analysis, necessitating at least a depth consistent with that of the Marxian tradition is obviously missing in visible radiation of the virtually automatic and instant response of what has been widely dubbed as the # 8220 ; War on Terrorism # 8221 ; ( as opposed to, state, # 8221 ; Yet another War in Afghanistan # 8221 ; ) . 5. What of the # 8216 ; world # 8217 ; of socialism though? Feher, Heller and Markus ( 1983 ) have argued that, whatever else they have been, those states which have defined themselves as socialist have been anything but. Socialism has non yet really existed: The new society, the # 8216 ; absolutism over demands # 8217 ; , is neither a novel, modified signifier of ( province ) capitalist economy, nor is it socialism # 8211 ; it is # 8217 ; something else # 8217 ; . It is a societal formation wholly different from any that has existed in European or universe history to day of the month and it is every bit different from any relevant construct in footings of which socialism, either # 8217 ; scientifically # 8217 ; or in a Utopian mode, has of all time been conceived ( 221 ) . As they go on to explicate, one of the grounds for this dramatic failure of socialism to go a existent societal formation is that, Marxism ( and socialist theories in general ) were much excessively self indulgently value-free, in the positive sense typical of nineteenth-century theories, to do unequivocally clear the conditions, the fulfillment of which would represent socialism ( and conversely, the conditions, the privation of which constitutes an anti-capitalist formation, which nevertheless can non and should non be identified with socialism ) ( Feher, Heller A ; Markus, 1983: 229 ) . 6. Both Lukacs # 8217 ; construct of hypostatization and Heller # 8217 ; s analysis of the Marxist theory of demands, which I attempt to clarify here, are themselves efforts to counter this positivism built-in in Marxism, which has tended to blight socialism to its utmost hurt wherever it attempts to breed itself as a societal world. This type of controling of positivism in Marxian review has appeared elsewhere besides, for illustration in Baudrillard # 8217 ; s [ Symbolic Exchange ] which tends to knock the valorisation and naturalization of the construct # 8220 ; work # 8221 ; over and against that of ( inordinate ) # 8220 ; play # 8221 ; , and in Derrida # 8217 ; s already cited Ghosts of Marx ( 1994 ) , which highlights peculiarly that historically sited Marxism and communisms are mediated by the societies, civilizations and traditions in which they appear and argues for a plurality of Marxism ( s ) and even of the proper name Marx. 7. Concepts such as Lukacs # 8217 ; # 8216 ; hypostatization # 8217 ; and Heller # 8217 ; s # 8216 ; dissatisfaction # 8217 ; are still valid, particularly in visible radiation of the triumphant # 8217 ; self-indulgence # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; positivism # 8217 ; of capitalist theories, such as globalization and economic rationalism, which are now trying in a similar mode that appears to many people as more dictatorial than democratic, at the least in a # 8217 ; sinister # 8217 ; mode, to go planetary societal worlds. For this ground I have digressed slightly: excessively frequently university essays can look abstract exercisings, with small relevancy to the # 8216 ; existent # 8217 ; universe, but in straying onto recent historical contradictions, I want to foreground that Marxist theory need non decease peacefully at all, or merely be an academic exercising in a theory which is merely of historical involvement. 8. Both Lukacs in his analysis of hypostatization and Heller in her analysis of demands in Marx postulate as cardinal effects of commodifaction the fact that the worker becomes dominated by and alienated from his ain activity and labor power # 8211 ; the consequence of commodification is basically one of alienation and disaffection. Heller ( 1974: 48 ) defines this as follows: In disaffection ( and peculiarly in capitalist economy ) the end/means relation inherent in labor is turned upside down and becomes its opposite. In trade good bring forthing society, usage value ( the merchandise of concrete labor ) does non function to fulfill demands. Its kernel consists, on the contrary, in fulfilling the demands of the individual to whom it does non belong. The nature of the usage value that the worker produces is all the same to him ; he bears no relation to it. Hence, the worker in modern capitalist economy is alienated from his labor as concrete because its merchandise serves to fulfill the demands of person else, non his ain. What the worker performs for himself is # 8216 ; abstract labour # 8217 ; ( 48 ) which he performs for another in exhange for money in order to fulfill his ain necessary demands, which labour appears so as an obectivated trade good when rendered as concrete. The consequence is that # 8220 ; capitalist industry and agribusiness do non bring forth for demands, nor for their satisfaction. The terminal of production is the valorisation of capital, and the satisfaction of demands ( on the market ) is merely a agency towards this terminal # 8221 ; ( 49 ) . 9. Lukacs renders this disaffection in footings of the hypostatization of the trade good: What is of cardinal importance here is that because of this state of affairs [ trade good hypostatization ] a adult male # 8217 ; s ain activity, his ain labor becomes something nonsubjective and independent of him, something that controls him by virtuousness of an liberty foreigner to adult male ( 1971: 86,87 ) . 10. Although Lukacs beginnings his analysis of hypostatization in the subdivision in Marx # 8217 ; s Capital entitled # 8216 ; The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof # 8217 ; ( Lukacs, 1971: 86 ) , we can see the kernel of both of the above commendations in Marx # 8217 ; s Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts. In these, in a much stronger tone than is used in, say, Capital, Marx already develops the subjects of disaffection, trade good hypostatization and the construct of the worker # 8217 ; s demands and their satisfaction, or the impossibleness of fulfilling these under capitalist economy. In footings of hypostatization and the disaffection of adult male # 8217 ; s labour, Marx writes: ? the worker sinks to the degree of a trade good and becomes so the most deplorable of trade goods? the misery of the worker is in reverse proportion to the power and magnitude of his production? The worker becomes all the poorer the more wealth he produces, the more his production additions in power and size. The worker becomes an of all time cheaper trade good the more trade goods he creates? Labour produces non lone trade goods: it produces itself and the worker as a trade good – and this at the same rate at which it produces trade goods in general ( Marx, 1997: 60-62 ) . This procedure has the direct consequence of estranging the laborer from the object in the capacity of the merchandise of his labor: The worker puts his life into the object ; but now his life no longer belongs to him but to the object. Whatever the merchandise of his labor, he is non. Therefore the greater this merchandise, the lupus erythematosus he is himself. The disaffection of the worker in his merchandise means non merely that his labor becomes an object, an external being, but that it exists outside him, independently, as something foreigner to him? ( 62 ) This is a procedure of instrumentalisation that is impacting the worker. It consequences in # 8220 ; alienation, the loss of the object, of his merchandise # 8221 ; ( 63 ) , which in bend straight affects the demands of adult male and how they are satisfied, which is the focal point of Heller # 8217 ; s analysis. As a consequence of disaffection, adult male # 8217 ; s need go of all time greater, but the lone manner he can react to his demand is in the selfish objectification of the other: Man becomes of all time poorer as adult male, his demand for money becomes of all time greater if he wants to get the hang the hostile power [ which is the demand as foreign power placed in him by the other, so that the other may try to fulfill his ain demand which turns worlds into mere means towards an foreign terminal: that of net income ] . The power of his money diminutions in reverse proportion to the addition in the volume of production: that is, his neediness grows as the power of money additions ( 82 ) . The apogee of the disaffection of labor and subservience of adult male to alien, # 8216 ; fanciful # 8217 ; ( 82 ) demands is the victory of money [ defined in The Fetishism of Commodities? as the ultimate signifier of the universe of trade goods that really conceals, alternatively of disclosing, the societal character of private labor, and the societal dealingss between the single manufacturers ( Marx, 1954: 76 ) ] , as virtually almighty, taking the natural topographic point of the human being, pass oning worlds to something like the # 8220 ; mist enveloped parts of the spiritual universe # 8221 ; ( 72 ) from wich, by analogy, the Fetishism itself was originally derived: The less you are, the less you show your ain life, the more you have, i.e. , the greater is your anomic life, the greater is the shop of your alienated being. Everything [ taken ] from you in life and in humanity, [ is replaced ] for you in money and in wealth ; and all the things you can non make, your money can make. It can eat and imbibe, travel to the dance hall and the theater ; it can go, it can allow art, acquisition, the hoarded wealths of the past, political power # 8211 ; all this it can allow for you # 8211 ; it can purchase all this: it is true gift ( 84 ) . However, the one thing it specifically can non make, is fulfil human demand, for money merely wants to make and multiply itself, whilst the worker, eventually, may merely have every bit much as will do him desire to travel on life, necessitating ever more, in a ageless rhythm of dissatisfaction. 11. Lukacs # 8217 ; construct of hypostatization is peculiarly elucidated in the essay # 8216 ; Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat # 8217 ; particularly in the subdivision # 8216 ; The Phenomenon of Reification # 8217 ; which appears in History and Class Consciousness ( 1971 ) . The term # 8216 ; hypostatization # 8217 ; , nevertheless, is a instead unmanageable one, and suffers from a symptom that foreign footings frequently tend to endure when translated into English: the inclination to utilize uncommon or vague footings in English. ( We note a similar destiny in the interlingual rendition of Freud # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; das Ich # 8221 ; , literally # 8220 ; the I # 8221 ; , rendered as # 8220 ; the Ego # 8221 ; ; and # 8220 ; das Es # 8221 ; , literally # 8220 ; the it # 8221 ; , rendered as # 8220 ; the Id # 8221 ; . ) The term # 8220 ; hypostatization # 8221 ; is barely an mundane word, and its verb signifier # 8220 ; to reify # 8221 ; is d efined by the Encarta World English Dictionary as, # 8220 ; to believe of or handle something asbtract as if it existed as a existent or touchable object # 8221 ; . The original German term is # 8220 ; Verdinglichung # 8221 ; ( Lukacs, 1923 ) , which conveys the sense of the procedure of being changed into a thing. That which is changed is the # 8220 ; relation between people # 8221 ; ( Lukacs, 1971: 83 ) which # 8220 ; takes on the character of a thing # 8221 ; ( 83 ) . The cardinal impact of Lukacs # 8217 ; analysis lies in his supplication of the word consciousness. As Johnson ( 1984: 10-11 ) draws out, Lukacs locates the radical moral force in the societal being of the worker, as opposed to mechanical economic Torahs which are supposed to necessarily and automatically transform capitalist economy into socialism. Lukacs accordingly relates consciousness to the whole of society ( 1971: 51 ) in order to deduce or ascribe consciousness to the labor # 8220 ; as if they were able to measure # 8221 ; ( 51 ) their nonsubjective state of affairs. This is may be identified as the anti-positivist strain in Lukacs # 8217 ; thought, which is subsequently specified in his unfavorable judgment of # 8220 ; vulgar Marxism # 8221 ; , which # 8220 ; bases itself on the # 8216 ; natural Torahs # 8217 ; of economic development which are to convey about these passages by their ain drift and without holding resort to a beastly force lying # 8216 ; beyond econ omic sciences # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( 239 ) . However, because # 8211 ; as argued above # 8211 ; worlds are, in capitalist economy, go wholly subservient to and in bondage to perpetually generated fanciful demands ( which might be defined as # 8216 ; luxuries # 8217 ; ) which they are all excessively busy trying to fulfill, the worker is continually persuaded of his subjective value in footings of his consumptive power mediated by money # 8211 ; even if this subjectiveness is merely in the terminal a # 8216 ; false consciousness # 8217 ; . Therefore the labor can non go cognizant in order to analyze its state of affairs with a position to accomplishing true consciousness and revolution. In the terminal, Lukacs is forced to trust on the Communist Party as a interceding power for the imputation of a radical category consciousness. 12. Heller # 8217 ; s analysis of demands in Marx on the other manus, specifically the analysis of extremist demands, proposes that # 8220 ; the worker becomes witting of the contradiction between the demand to develop his personality and the # 8220 ; inadvertent # 8221 ; character of his subordination to the division of labor # 8221 ; ( Heller, 1974: 90 ) . This consciousness is precipitated by the outgrowth of extremist demands, which are demands which capitalist economy is structurally incapable of fulfilling. However these demands # 8220 ; can non be # 8216 ; eliminated # 8217 ; from capitalist economy because they are necessary to its operation? it is non the Being of extremist demands that transcends capitalist economy but their satisfaction # 8221 ; ( 76 ) . Where dissatisfaction of extremist demands so becomes a historical world, the possibility of exceeding capitalist economy besides becomes existent. Take for illustration the impression of # 8216 ; free clip # 82 17 ; : [ The worker ] is convinced that from a certain point onwards capitalist economy is incapable of shortening labour clip any farther: the demand for free clip so becomes in rule a extremist demand, which can merely be satisfied with the transcendency of capitalist economy. When related to the demand for free clip, the character of # 8220 ; extremist demands # 8221 ; is brought out in a peculiarly dramatic mode: it is produced by capitalist economy itself, by its contradictory character, and therefore belongs to the really operation of capitalist economy? At the same clip, necessitate itself mobilises the working category into exceeding capitalist economy ( 91 ) . Heller # 8217 ; s analysis of demands in Marx therefore offers the possibility of the working category going witting of its ain state of affairs and revolting against it in a mode which Lukacs # 8217 ; theory of hypostatization can non. Lukacs in History and Class Consciousness is forced to randomly and unconvincingly rely on the party as go-between of the revolution # 8211 ; nevertheless the inquiry remains, If the labor is incapable of coming to consciousness, what will vouch that the Party is any more unfalsely witting than the labor it is supposed to stand for? It would look that the history of the Communist Party has shown that there is no warrant of this whatsoever. As Heller reminds us: As yet, history has non answered the inquiry as to whether capitalist society in fact produces this # 8220 ; consciousness transcending its bounds # 8221 ; , which in Marx # 8217 ; s twenty-four hours did non be, and whose being Marx hence had to project ( 1974: 95 ) . List OF REFERENCESDerrida, J ( 1994 ) Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, A ; the New International New York: Routledge. Feher, F ; Heller, A and Markus, G ( 1983 ) Dictatorship over Needs Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Heller, A ( 1974 ) The Theory of Need in Marx London: Allison A ; Busby. Johnson, P ( 1984 ) Marxist Aestheticss: The foundations within an mundane life for an liberated consciousness London: Routledge A ; Kegan Paul. Lukacs, G ( 1923 ) Geschichte und Klassenbewusstsein: Studien? ber marxistische Dialektik Berlin: Malin Verlag. __________ ( 1971 ) History and Class Consciousness: Surveies in Marxist Dialectics London: Merlin Press. Marx, K ( 1954 ) Capital Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing. _______ ( 1997 ) The Marx Reader ( ed. C. Pierson ) Cambridge: Polity Press. BIBLIOGRAPHYEagleton, T ( 1976 ) Marxism and Literary Criticism London: Methuen A ; Co. Kearny, R ( 1986 ) Modern Movements in European Philosophy Manchester: Manchester University Press. Heller A and Ferenc F ( explosive detection systems. ) ( 1986 ) Reconstructing Aestheticss: Hagiographas of the Budapest School Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Lukacs, G ( 1962 ) The Historical Novel London: Merlin Press

La Belle Dame sans Merci and The Eve of St Agnes Essay Example

La Belle Dame sans Merci and The Eve of St Agnes Paper The poet John Keats, inspired by the sentimental nature of his unrequited love for Fanny and the depression he felt due to the death of his mother and his brother, wrote both ballads using the key theme of time, to engage the listener. The use of tenses links succinctly in with Keats use of time. The change of tenses throughout La Belle Dame, whereby the first three verses are set in the present tense, no birds sing, verses four to eleven are set in the past, I met a lady and verse twelve is again set in the present, no birds sing. The effect of this as well as the first and last verse including, Alone and palely loitering, is to create a circular chronological structure. This represents a question asked and answered within the poem and a feeling of entrapment within a cycle of death and love (key themes featuring in Keats poetry, and contextually in his life). Moreover, the lack of future tense suggests to the listener that there is to be no future and hence no hope adding to the melancholy mood produced by Keats. Conversely, Keats uses a linear chronology in the past tense throughout The Eve of St Agnes, How changed, in order to construct an ordered narrative. This separates the feel of both poems, distinguishing one (Eve of St Agnes) as more story-like than the symbolic other (La Belle Dame). This also infers to the listener that Keats use of time was a deliberate endeavour within his poetry and not simply the standard arrangement of poetic literature of the time. We will write a custom essay sample on La Belle Dame sans Merci and The Eve of St Agnes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on La Belle Dame sans Merci and The Eve of St Agnes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on La Belle Dame sans Merci and The Eve of St Agnes specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The use of seasons and the weather conditions in La Belle Dame create the ambiance and atmosphere of the poem. As the squirrels granary is full dictating that the harvests done and that the agricultural labouring and gathering of the summer growth is complete, this implies the beginning of autumn, leading on to winter, cold hills side, and the cold, desolation of the surroundings that is associated with it. This use of pathetic fallacy warns the listener for what is to come later in the poem, adding to the sense of intrigue and mystery. However, whilst he is with her, summer is inferred via the use of sensual floral references, garland for her head (touch), fragrant zone (smell), suggesting the warmth and intimacy of his feelings for her. This atmospheric separation between the seasons intensifies the loneliness and suffering of the knight after his meeting with her, alone and palely loitering. The Eve of St Agnes also uses a wintry setting, bitter chill, trembling [ frozen grass, frosted breath, yet this is used to conjure the symbolism of God and Madelines familys disapproval of their courtship. This creates the impression of a higher power perhaps scrutinising Porphyro and Madelines doings; Porphyros inner thoughts, fears and paranoia. Similarly, Keats use of the Moon represents the urgency of Porphyros passion, particularly as the moon is commonly associated with its lunar calendar, in which he has to capture Madeline before his opportunity is lost, Ive mickle time to grieve, an expression of his determination. Both poems create a medieval scene, La Belle Dame; knight-at-arms, pale warriors, faerys child, pacing steed, Eve of St Agnes; lofty plume (reference to a knights helmet), witchs sieve, liege-lord, Elves and Fays, wolves and bears, Merlin, Dame, maiden, queens and kings, mermaid, Beadsman, via a plague of fairy tale characters, having the effect of setting up both poems for an atmosphere of a differing time period to that in which Keats wrote the poems. This creates a historical parallel between the world Keats imagined within the medieval Romeo and Juliet-esque time period and his own affairs and thoughts of Fanny. In addition to this, the use of archaic language such as, La Belle Dame; steed, woebegone and Eve of St Agnes; thy, thee, Quoth, help create the practicality and realism within these imaginary characters and historical scenarios. Unlike the more untouched setting of La Belle Dame, the sedge has withered from the lake, Castle imagery is extensively used in The Eve of St Agnes; arched way, dusky gallery, chamber, balustrade, citadel, carved angels, level chambers, portraying the scene within the listeners minds eye. In addition, The Eve of St Agnes is written in Spenserian stanzas, adding to the medieval feel of the poem (Spenser invented the term Spenserian stanza to be used within his epic, medieval poem, The Faerie Queen). The use of an irregular rhyme scheme in The Eve of St Agnes- Iambic pentameter except for last line which is iambic hexameter suggests an ongoing narrative throughout as well as displaying the infrequency of the pagan Eve of St Agnes feast (whereby virgins may see their future husbands). Also, syndetic listing is included within the caesura, and sleep, and dream creating a rhythm comparable to that of a heart beat, in order to show how Porphyros fear creates a slow motion of time and an increased physical and sexual awareness, as he prepares to witness Madeline. La Belle Dame involves a similar rhyme scheme iambic tetrameter except for the last line of each stanza that are of varying length this variation of length represents the abrupt change in the relationship/ knights life, as the listener, lulled into a security within the regularity, is subconsciously disturbed by a change in rhyme in verse nine. Overall, the use of time in both poems aids the in-depth view into Keats life and emotional workings. Ultimately, it is his use of archaisms that create the setting, yet it is his use of tenses, seasons, rhythm and rhyme scheme that imply the subtleties of The Eve of St Agnes and La Belle Dame sans Merci.

Tartuffe Essays - Operas, Tartuffe, Film, Vocal Music, Free Essays

Tartuffe Essays - Operas, Tartuffe, Film, Vocal Music, Free Essays Tartuffe Molieres neoclassic comedy, Tartuffe, is a prime example of his expertise in the comedic technique. The plot is one that keeps the reader or viewer interested and aware. It begins with Madame Pernell visiting her sons house and reprimanding all of them but their boarder, Tartuffe. She believes Tartuffe is a man of astounding character. The members of the house, however, disagree and say that Tartuffe is deceitful and a fraud. After Madam Pernell leaves, Dorine and Cleante, the maid and the brother-in-law of the main character, Orgon, discuss Tartuffe and both agree that he has captivated Orgon. Damis, Orgons son, wonders whether his father will allow Mariane, Orgons daughter, to marry Valere, who she is in love with, because Damis is in love with Valeres sister. Orgon comes and tells Mariane that he wants her to marry Tartuffe instead of Valere because he wants to ally Tartuffe to his house. She is so shocked that she does not say anything. Cleante tries to tell Orgon about Tartuffes misleading personality, but Orgon does not want to hear it. Valere finds out about this proposed marriage, and Dorine promises to help Mariane and Cleante expose Tartuffe for the hypocrite he is. Meanwhile, Damis has a plan to hide in a closet to try to expose Tartuffes hypocrisy. He hears Tartuffe profess love to Elmire, Orgons wife, and suggests that they become lovers. Damis comes from the closet and threatens to tell Orgon what he has said. Damis then tells Orgon, and Orgon is so blind to the truth, that he believes his own son is evil and disinherits him. Later, when Orgon and Tartuffe are alone, Orgon tells Tartuffe of his plans to make him his sole inheritor and his son-in-law. After this, Cleante tries to talk to Orgon about Tartuffe and he confronts Tartuffe in front of Orgon. Tartuffe just dodges the questions, though, and leaves as soon as possible. Elmire then convinces Orgon to hide and find out for himself about Tartuffe, so he does so. Tartuffe comes to see Elmire an d once again professes his love. Orgon hears it all, comes from the closet, and bans Tartuffe from his house. Orgon, however, has already signed over his house to Tartuffe and Tartuffe threatens him with this. Orgon is afraid because he has given Tartuffe some secret papers that could ruin his position in the court. Tartuffe comes back later with officers of the court to try to get Orgons house, but the king has seen through Tartuffe and sides with Orgon. Tartuffe is ordered to be arrested and the story ends. This production seems to be about the blindness of Orgon and how easily a person can deceive another. Tartuffe has fooled nobody but Orgon the man who has the power and wealth in this situation. The characters in this play all play a certain role in the plot. Elmire, Orgons wife, presents a reasonable attitude towards life and the situation. She was the only one able to convince Orgon to see for himself that Tartuffe was a hypocrite. She wants nothing but to save her husband from Tartuffes control. Damis, Orgons son, is the unlucky soul to take the blame for his fathers misjudgment of Tartuffe. In trying to help his father, he loses his trust and his ties to him. He wants to keep Tartuffe away from his family, but the only thing he succeeds in doing is losing his inheritance. Mariane is the lovely daughter, who is going to be forced to marry a man she does not love or even like. She is part of Orgons plan to make Tartuffe a member of the household, whether she likes it or not. She ju st wants to marry the man she loves. Cleante is Orgons brother-in law. He tries to get everyone to view the situation with calm and reason. He wants the best for Orgon and his family. Tartuffe is the imposter who weasels his way into Orgons inheritance and then betrays him. He is only looking for the money and is a very greedy man. Orgon is the central character that comes under the influence of Tartuffe. His only want seems to be to make

Drug testing on welfare II Speech or Presentation

Drug testing on welfare II - Speech or Presentation Example The article therefore shows Davidson’s stance that he is indeed a supporter of drug testing for welfare. Despite this show of support, this legislation is still very controversial in the United States, and there is a lot of debate surrounding it. It can be said that while the intentions for the passing of this legislation in various states has been well meaning, its positive effects have yet to be seen. According to Ben Neary and Ivan Moreno, drug testing has come  to be highly ineffective and unreliable when it comes to welfare. They state that this legislation has come to be seen as a waste of time and money for various reasons. Drug testing for welfare has come to be seen as unreliable because it has been found that  people,  who receive welfare, are not the biggest drug users in the United States. Most of the states that passed this legislation did so because of the belief that those who received welfare used the money they received to obtain drugs. The legislation w as therefore, introduced to deny them the means of getting drugs, something that was thought to be commendable at the time. However, this assumption was found to be untrue, because of all the welfare applicants tested for drugs, only two percent of them tested positive. Incidents such as these have confirmed that this law is ineffective, due to the fact that its intended targets have been found to be innocent of what they have been accused. It has now been confirmed that welfare recipients are not the majority drug users in the United States. In addition, many of those legislatures, which have already passed the law, have been found to be in the wrong by various federal courts. ... In addition, many of those legislatures, which have already passed the law, have been found to be in the wrong by various federal courts. These courts have blocked this law from being implemented in some states because of the ruling that the drug testing for welfare policy is unconstitutional. Despite this fact, many of the state legislatures, according to Neary and Moreno, are attempting to come up with ways that will make this law survive any court action that is brought against it. The drug-testing program is an extremely expensive process for those states that have instituted it into their welfare system. The welfare applicants are required to pay for their own tests, and if they are found to be negative, then the state has the obligation to refund them. This procedure has turned out to be extremely expensive because the majority of applicants have tested negative. The states, therefore, end up spending more than they normally would have if the program had not been put in place. Moreover, this program also has administrative costs, such as paying the staff that run it as well as for the facilities. All these costs are footed by the states, an unnecessary expense; the money would have been put in better use expanding the welfare program to cater for people who need it. These added costs to the state governments with little result have ensured ineffectiveness of this program. The  drug  testing  for  welfare  program  was  created for the purpose of reducing the number of people who applied for welfare. It was estimated that a large number of people who applied for welfare did not totally need it and that they only applied for it to get money to fund their drug abuse among other vices (Hoover). The intended purpose of this law was not met;

Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global warming - Research Paper Example What makes their excess in the atmosphere particularly dangerous is their function. They serve as a blanket for the sun rays after they reach the Earth, so that they can not radiate back to the space (Kayne). The tremendous energy stored in the sun rays thus adds to the heat of the environment, and the temperature of the Earth rises in general. The rising temperature has many repercussions. As the temperature is going up, glaciers are melting away, thus adding to the sea water. There has been a considerable rise in the sea level over the past few centuries. The excess water floods out of the sea and causes damage to life and property on Earth. Every year, several tsunamis happen in different parts of the world. Much of the natural disasters can be attributed to the global warming. Moreover, global warming is depriving the polar bears of their habitat. As glaciers melt away, polar bears find it difficult to

ICT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

ICT - Assignment Example The cases related to sell of software is controlled by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Furthermore, law of digital contracts is evolving worldwide at a significant pace. It can be stated that contract law or law in general is not static. Instead, laws are often quite dynamic that involve in responding to new occurrence and innovation (Schwanzer, 2007). Based on the above mentioned statement, this report intends to discuss whether software is to be classified as goods or services by taking into concern the notion of contract law along with its various implications. Discussion Specially mentioning, consumers engaged in buying software are not generally entitled to enjoy the same rights as in the case of purchasing tangible products. In this regard, it can be stated that software is a term, which is often used to describe the collection of instruction and data that facilitate computers to function in an effective manner. Evidently, computers are redundant without proper app lication of software. This implies that computers are unable to perform tasks in an effective manner without the installation of software. From the legal perspective, software is notable for two major reasons. The first major reason can be related with its unique characteristics, revealing that software is not similar to any conventional law. The second major reason can be noted as that despite the widespread use of software in the modern commercial arena, it does not have any distinct legal entity. Correspondingly, there is no specific manner through which legal treatment should be implemented to resolve software related disputes. Thus, this uncertainty largely raises a question, whether software should be considered or to be classified as goods or services (Green & Saidov, 2007). The lack of precision, surrounding the legal principle of software can be regarded as both commercially inconvenient and conceptually arbitrary. The buyers of software often possess the similar expectatio n of rights, while purchasing other items that are recognized under the law. However, in the recent time, the refusal to consider software as goods or services can be identified as the failure of law to protect the expectation and the interest of the buyers of software. Correspondingly, the two product related aspects i.e. â€Å"tangibility† and â€Å"movability’ determine the characteristics of software (Green & Saidov, 2007). In this similar context, â€Å"tangibility† is commonly defined as possessing a physical form or being able to be perceived by senses. It can be argued that this notion acted as the stumbling block towards considering software as goods. The relevancy of â€Å"tangibility† for adjudging software as a good can be ascertained owing to the reason that most of the legal system defines the sales of contract as a sort of agreement, which is associated with the transfer of property in goods in exchange of money, denoted as price. Conseque ntly, such transfer generally requires transfer of possession (Green & Saidov, 2007). However, in the case of possession of intangible service, both civil and common law signifies that possession of intangible is not possible and also cannot be owned. However, software can be acquired and possessed, making it tangible. Similarly, the aspect of â€Å"

Comprehensive Study on Big Data Technologies and Challenges

Comprehensive Study on Big Data Technologies and Challenges Abstract: Big Data is at the heart of modern science and business. Big Data has recently emerged as a new paradigm for hosting and delivering services over the Internet. It offers huge opportunities to the IT industry. Big Data has become a valuable source and mechanism for researchers to explore the value of data sets in all kinds of business scenarios and scientific investigations. New computing platforms such as Mobile Internet, Social Networks and Cloud Computing are driving the innovations of Big Data. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the concept Big Data and it tries to address various Big Data technologies, challenges ahead and possible. It also explored certain services of Big Data over traditional IT service environment including data collection, management, integration and communication Keywords— Big Data, Cloud Computing, Distributed System, Volume I. INTRODUCTION Big Data has recently reached popularity and developed into a major trend in IT. Big Data are formed on a daily bases from Earth observations, social networks, model simulations, scientific research, application analyses, and many other ways. Big Data is a data analysis methodology enabled by a new generation of technologies and architecture which support high-velocity data capture, storage, and analysis. Data sources extend beyond the traditional corporate database to include email, mobile device output, sensor-generated data, and social media output. Data are no longer restricted to structured database records but include unstructured data. Big Data requires huge amounts of storage space. A typical big data storage and analysis infrastructure will be based on clustered network-attached storage. This paper firstly defines the Big Data concept and describes its services and main characteristics. â€Å"Big Data† is a term encompassing the use of techniques to capture, process, analyze and visualize potentially large datasets in a reasonable timeframe not accessible to standard IT technologies. II. Background Need of Big Data Big Data refers to large datasets that are challenging to store, search, share, visualize, and analyze the data. In Internet the volume of data we deal with has grown to terabytes and peta bytes. As the volume of data keeps growing, the types of data generated by applications become richer than before. As a result, traditional relational databases are challenged to capture, share, analyze, and visualize data. Many IT companies attempt to manage big data challenges using a NoSQL database, such as Cassandra or HBase, and may employ a distributed computing system such as Hadoop. NoSQL databases are typically key-value stores that are non-relational, distributed, horizontally scalable, and schema-free. We need a new methodology to manage big data for maximum business value. Data storage scalability was one of the major technical issues data owners were facing. Nevertheless, a new brand of efficient and scalable technology has been incorporated and data management and storage is no longer the problem it used to be. In addition, data is constantly being generated, not only by use of internet, but also by companies generating big amounts of information coming from sensors, computers and automated processes. This phenomenon has recently accelerated further thanks to the increase of connected devices and the worldwide success of the social platforms. Significant Internet players like Google, Amazon, Face Book and Twitter were the first facing these increasing data volumes and designed ad-hoc solutions to be able to cope with the situation. Those solutions have since, partly migrated into the open source software communities and have been made publicly available. This was the starting point of the current Big Data trend as it was a relatively cheap solution f or businesses confronted with similar problems. Dimensions of Big Data Fig. 1 shows the four dimensions of Big Data. They are discussed below. Fig. 1 Dimensions of Big Data Volume refers that Big Data involves analyze huge amounts of information, typically starting at tens of terabytes. It ranges from terabytes to peta bytes and up. The noSQL database approach is a response to store and query huge volumes of data heavily distributed. Velocity refers the speed rate in collecting or acquiring or generating or processing of data. Real-time data processing platforms are now considered by global companies as a requirement to get a competitive edge. For example, the data associated with a particular hash tag on Twitter often has a high velocity. Variety describes the fact that Big Data can come from many different sources, in various formats and structures. For example, social media sites and networks of sensors generate a stream of ever-changing data. As well as text, this might include geographical information, images, videos and audio. Veracity includesknown data quality, type of data, data management maturity so that we can understand how much the data is right and accurate 000,000,000,000,000,000,000 bytes Big Data Model The big data model is an abstract layer used to manage the data stored in physical devices. Today we have large volumes of data with different formats stored in global devices. The big data model provides a visual way to manage data resources, and creates fundamental data architecture so that we can have more applications to optimize data reuse and reduce computing costs. Types of data The data typically categorized into three differ ­ent types – structured, unstructured and semi-structured. A structured data is well organized, there are several choices for abstract data types, and references such as relations, links and pointers are identifiable. An unstructured data may be incomplete and/or heterogeneous, and often originates from multiple sources. It is not organized in an identifiable way, and typically includes bitmap images or objects, text and other data types that are not part of a database. Semi-structured data is orga ­nized, containing tags or other markers to separate semantic elements, III. Big Data Services Big Data provides enormous number of services. This paper explained some of the important services. They are given below. Data Management and Integration An enormous volume of data in different formats, constantly being collected from sensors, is efficiently accumulated and managed through the use of technology that automatically categorizes the data for archive storage. Communication and Control This comprises three functions for exchanging data with various types of equipment over networks: communications control, equipment control and gateway management. Data Collection and Detection By applying rules to the data that is streaming in from sensors, it is possible to conduct an analysis of the current status. Based on the results, decisions can be made with navigation or other required procedures performed in real time. Data Analysis The huge volume of accumulated data is quickly analyzed using a parallel distributed processing engine to create value through the analysis of past data or through future projections or simulations. IV. BIG DATA TECHNOLOGIES Internet companies such as Google, Yahoo and Face book have been pioneers in the use of Big Data technologies and routinely store hundreds of terabytes and even peta bytes of data on their systems. There are a growing number of technologies used to aggregate, manipulate, manage, and analyze big data. This paper described some of the more prominent technologies but this list is not exhaustive, especially as more technologies continue to be developed to support Big Data techniques. They are listed below. Big Table: Proprietary distributed database system built on the Google File System. This technique is an inspiration for HBase. Business intelligence (BI): A type of application software designed to report, analyze, and present data. BI tools are often used to read data that have been previously stored in a data warehouse or data mart. BI tools can also be used to create standard reports that are generated on a periodic basis, or to display information on real-time management dashboards, i.e., integrated displays of metrics that measure the performance of a system. Cassandra: An open source database management system designed to handle huge amounts of data on a distributed system. This system was originally developed at Face book and is now managed as a project of the Apache. Cloud computing: A computing paradigm in which highly scalable computing resources, often configured as a distributed system provided as a service through a network. Data Mart: Subset of a data warehouse, used to provide data to users usually through business intelligence tools. Data Warehouse: Specialized database optimized for reporting, often used for storing large amounts of structured data. Data is uploaded using ETL (extract, transform, and load) tools from operational data stores, and reports are often generated using business intelligence tools. Distributed system: Distributed file system or network file system allows client nodes to access files through a computer network. This way a number of users working on multiple machines will be able to share files and storage resources. The client nodes will not be able to access the block storage but can interact through a network protocol. This enables a restricted access to the file system depending on the access lists or capabilities on both servers and clients which is again dependent on the protocol. Dynamo: Proprietary distributed data storage system developed by Amazon. Google File System: Proprietary distributed file system developed by Google; part of the inspiration for Hadoop3.1 Hadoop: Apache Hadoop is used to handle Big Data and Stream Computing. Its development was inspired by Google’s MapReduce and Google File System. It was originally developed at Yahoo and is now managed as a project of the Apache Software Foundation. Apache Hadoop is an open source software that enables the distributed processing of large data sets across clusters of commodity servers. It can be scaled up from a single server to thousands of clients and with a very high degree of fault tolerance. HBase: An open source, free, distributed, non-relational database modeled on Google’s Big Table. It was originally developed by Powerset and is now managed as a project of the Apache Software foundation as part of the Hadoop. MapReduce: A software framework introduced by Google for processing huge datasets on certain kinds of problems on a distributed system also implemented in Hadoop. Mashup: An application that uses and combines data presentation or functionality from two or more sources to create new services. These applications are often made available on the Web, and frequently use data accessed through open application programming interfaces or from open data sources. Data Intensive Computing is a type of parallel computing application which uses a data parallel approach to process Big Data. This works based on the principle of collection of data and programs used to perform computation. Parallel and Distributed system that work together as a single integrated computing resource is used to process and analyze Big Data. IV. BIG DATA USING CLOUD COMPUTING The Big Data journey can lead to new markets, new opportunities and new ways of applying old ideas, products and technologies. Cloud Computing and Big Data share similar features such as distribution, parallelization, space-time, and being geographically dispersed. Utilizing these intrinsic features would help to provide Cloud Computing solutions for Big Data to process and obtain unique information. At the same time, Big Data create grand challenges as opportunities to advance Cloud Computing. In the geospatial information science domain, many scientists conducted active research to address urban, environment, social, climate, population, and other problems related to Big Data using Cloud Computing. V. TECHNICAL CHALLENGES Many of Big Data’s technical challenges also apply to data it general. However, Big Data makes some of these more complex, as well as creating several fresh issues. They are given below. Data Integration Organizations might also need to decide if textual data is to be handled in its native language or translated. Translation introduces considerable complexity — for example, the need to handle multiple character sets and alphabets. Further integration challenges arise when a business attempts to transfer external data to its system. Whether this is migrated as a batch or streamed, the infrastructure must be able to keep up with the speed or size of the incoming data. The IT organization must be able to estimate capacity requirements effectively. Companies such as Twitter and Face book regularly make changes to their application programming interfaces which may not necessarily be published in advance. This can result in the need to make changes quickly to ensure the data can still be accessed. Data Transformation Another challenge is data transformation .Transformation rules will be more complex between different types of system records. Organizations also need to consider which data source is primary when records conflict, or whether to maintain multiple records. Handling duplicate records from disparate systems also requires a focus on data quality. Historical Analysis Historical analysis could be concerned with data from any point in the past. That is not necessarily last week or last month — it could equally be data from 10 seconds ago. While IT professionals may be familiar with such an application its meaning can sometimes be misinterpreted by non-technical personnel encountering it. Search Searching unstructured data might return a large number of irrelevant or unrelated results. Sometimes, users need to conduct more complicated searches containing multiple options and fields. IT organizations need to ensure their solution provides the right type and variety of search interfaces to meet the business’s differing needs. And once the system starts to make inferences from data, there must also be a way to determine the value and accuracy of its choices. Data Storage As data volumes increase storage systems are becoming ever more critical. Big Data requires reliable, fast-access storage. This will hasten the demise of older technologies such as magnetic tape, but it also has implications for the management of storage systems. Internal IT may increasingly need to take a similar, commodity-based approach to storage as third-party cloud storage suppliers do today. It means removing rather than replacing individual failed components until they need to refresh the entire infrastructure. There are also challenges around how to store the data whether in a structured database or within an unstructured system or how to integrate multiple data sources. Data Integrity For any analysis to be truly meaningful it is important that the data being analyzed is as accurate, complete and up to date as possible. Erroneous data will produce misleading results and potentially incorrect insights. Since data is increasingly used to make business-critical decisions, consumers of data services need to have confidence in the integrity of the information those services are providing. Data Replication Generally, data is stored in multiple locations in case one copy becomes corrupted or unavailable. This is known as data replication. The volumes involved in a Big Data solution raise questions about the scalability of such an approach. However, Big Data technologies may take alternative approaches. For example, Big Data frameworks such as Hadoop are inherently resilient, which may mean it is not necessary to introduce another layer of replication. Data Migration When moving data in and out of a Big Data system, or migrating from one platform to another, organizations should consider the impact that the size of the data may have. To deal with data in a variety of formats, the volumes of data will often mean that it is not possible to operate on the data during a migration. Visualisation While it is important to present data in a visually meaningful form, organizations need to consider the most appropriate way to display the results of Big Data analytics so that the data does not mislead. IT should take into account the impact of visualisations on the various target devices, on network bandwidth and on data storage systems. Data Access The final technical challenge relates to controlling who can access the data, what they can access, and when. Data security and access control is vital in order to ensure data is protected. Access controls should be fine-grained, allowing organizations not only to limit access, but also to limit knowledge of its existence. Enterprises therefore need to pay attention to the classification of data. This should be designed to ensure that data is not locked away unnecessarily, but equally that it doesn’t present a security or privacy risk to any individual or company. VI. CONCLUSION This paper reviewed the technical challenges, various technologies and services of Big Data. Big Data describes a new generation of technologies and architectures, designed to economically extract value from very large volumes of a wide variety of data by enabling high-velocity capture. Linked Data databases will become more popular and could potentially push traditional relational databases to one side due to their increased speed and flexibility. This means businesses will be able to change to develop and evolve applications at a much faster rate. Data security will always be a concern, and in future data will be protected at a much more granular level than it is today. Currently Big Data is seen predominantly as a business tool. Increasingly, though, consumers will also have access to powerful Big Data applications. In a sense, they already do Google and various social media search tools. But as the number of public data sources grows and processing power becomes ever faster and c heaper, increasingly easy-to-use tools will emerge that put the power of Big Data analysis into everyone’s hands.

Surgical Treatment For Morbid Obesity Essay -- Medicine Health Papers

In today’s society where good looks, physical fitness, appearance, and good health are used to measure success, confidence, and self-control, it is ironic that eating disorders are so prevalent in our culture. People are so concerned with how other people view their physical appearance that when they cannot meet their own or others’ expectations they often develop eating disorders. However, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are not the only types of eating disorders. Today there is an increasing number of obese people who suffer from overeating. These people find it especially difficult to have the kind of lifestyles that they desire. Obesity and associated medical complications take the lives of thousands of people each year. Many obese individuals are aware of current or possible medical problems, but though they have tried diverse measures to solve their eating problems by using suppression drugs, commercial diet programs, behavioral therapies, hypnosis, exercise programs, jaw wiring, etc., they usually regain the weight after it is lost. Surgical intervention, which started in the 1960’s, however, has gained increased popularity in the last 50 years as a means of controlling and maintaining weight loss for morbidly obese individuals. This paper will provide you with general facts concerning surgical intervention for obese patients, claims made by web sites, as well as evidence and results based on scientific findings. The goal for paper is to help readers understand the surgical procedures, the benefits and risks involved, and to answer questions that potential candidates for surgical intervention may have. Who Qualifies for Surgery? According to the SurgiLite web site (surgilite.net/Introduction.htm), although i... ... Bibliography Chandarana P., Holliday R., Conlon P., Deslippe T. (1988). Psychosocial considerations in gastric stapling surgery. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 32 (1) 85-92. Garrow, JS. (1989). When to advise surgery for severe obesity. Postgraduate Medical Journal, 65 (759) 10-3. O’Brien., Brown WA., Smith A., McMurrick PJ., Stephens M. (1999). Prospective study of a laparoscopically placed, adjustable gastric band in the treatment of morbid obesity. British Journal of Surgery, 86 (1) 113-118. Reeves-Darby V., Soloway RD., Halpert R. (1990) Gastric bezoar complicating gastric stapling. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 85 (3) 326-327. Schauer PR., Ikramuddin S., Gourash WF., (1999) Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a case report at one-year follow up. Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques: Part A, 9 (1) 101-106.

Business Applications Case Essay

Chapter 1. 5. What does the statement â€Å"costs can be assets or expenses† mean? 6. Why are the salaries of production workers accumulated in an inventory account instead of being expensed on the income statement? 7. How do product costs affect the financial statements? How does the classification of product cost (as an asset vs. an expense) affect net income? The following information was taken from the 2008 and 2009 Form 10-Ks for Dell, Inc.Required a. Explain whether each line of information in the table above would best be described as being primarily financial accounting or managerial accounting in nature. b. Provide some additional examples of managerial and financial accounting information that could apply to Dell. c. If you analyze only the data you identified as financial in nature, does it appear that Dell’s 2009 fiscal year was better or worse than its 2008 fiscal year? Explain. d. If you analyze only the data you identified as managerial in nature, does it appear that Dell’s 2009 fiscal year was better or worse than its 2008 fiscal year? Explain| Chapter 2 10. How is the relevant range of activity related to fixed and variable cost? Give an example of how the definitions of these costs become invalid when volume is outside the relevant range. 12. When would the high-low method be appropriate for estimating variable and fixed costs? When would least-squares regression be the most desirable? 13. Which cost structure has the greater risk? Explain. Chapter 3 6. When would the customer be willing to pay a premium price for a product or service? What pricing strategy would be appropriate under these circumstances? 7. What are three alternative approaches to determine the break-even point? What do the results of these approaches show? 8. What is the equation method for determining the break-even point? Explain how the results of this method differ from those of the contribution margin approach. Chapter 4 10. Why are some manufacturing costs not directly traceable to products? 11. What is the objective of allocating indirect manufacturing overhead costs to the product? Chapter 5 1. Why did traditional costing systems base allocations on a single companywide cost driver? 2. Why are labor hours ineffective as a companywide allocation base in many industries today? 3. What is the difference between volume-based cost drivers and activity-based cost drivers? 4. Why do activity-based cost drivers provide more accurate allocations of overhead in an automated manufacturing environment? 5. When would it be appropriate to use volume-based cost drivers in an activity-based costing system? ATC 5-4Writing AssignmentAssessing a strategy to control quality cost Lucy Sawyer, who owns and operates Sawyer Toy Company, is a perfectionist. She believes literally in the â€Å"zero-defects† approach to quality control. Her favorite saying is, â€Å"You can’t spend too much on quality.† Even so, in 2010 her company experienced an embarrassing breach of quality that required the national recall of a defective product. She vowed never to repeat the experience and instructed her staff to spend whatever it takes to ensure that products are delivered free of defects in 2011. She was somewhat disappointed with the 2011 year-end quality cost report shown here. Although external failure costs had declined, they remained much higher than expected. The increased inspections had identified defects that were corrected, thereby avoiding another recall; however, the external failure costs were still too high. Ms. Sawyer responded by saying, â€Å"We will have to double our efforts.† She authorized hiring additional inspectors and instructed her production supervisors to become more vigilant in identifying and correcting errors. Required Assume that you are the chief financial officer (CFO) of Sawyer Toy Company. Ms. Sawyer has asked you to review the company’s approach to quality control. Prepare a memo to her that evaluates the existing approach, and  recommend changes in expenditure patterns that can improve profitability as well as increase the effectiveness of the quality control system. Chapter 6 7. What is an opportunity cost? How does it differ from a sunk cost? 8. A local bank advertises that it offers a free noninterest-bearing checking account if the depositor maintains a $500 minimum balance in the account. Is the checking account truly free?

Article Review Essays - Intellectual Property Law, Monopoly

Article Review Essays - Intellectual Property Law, Monopoly Article Review LAW/421 November 3, 2014 Article Review E-Commerce has become a major source of business due to the Internet giving businesses the ability to conduct online business transactions. Countless companies have expanded their consumer base to the entire world; something that could not have been done without the use of the Internet. Those businesses that have taken the opportunity and utilized the availability of the Internet have experienced a growth like never before. Those businesses have also experienced a growth in profits from the use of the Internet as well. However, these growths do not come without some risk. The intellectual property of these businesses has been put into a vulnerable position because of this type of expansion. The article titled E-Business Makes Protection of Intellectual Property More Critical, Complex than Ever examines how expansion via the Internet requires some strong security and laws covering intellectual property. With up to 90 percent of U.S. companies expected to be transacting business over the Internet in the next year, the need to protect intellectual property has never been greater or more of a challenge (E-Business Makes Protection of Intellectual Property More Critical, Complex than Ever, 2000, para. 1). This example shows exactly how e-business is shaping the requirement for intellectual property protection. Continuous drafting of new software, laws, regulation, and legislation protecting intellectual property is currently in effect. Yet, continuously changing right along with these new drafts are the ways that businesses are at risk regarding intellectual property. Readers are informed by this article, on the way e-business has pointed the way to the increase of intellectual property theft, and how that has increased the concern for this legal matter. The center of this matter is focused on new laws that will protect businesses privacy concerning intellectual property as well as secrets of the trade. E-Business Makes Protection of Intellectual Property More Critical, Complex than Ever (2000) describes how protection of these valuable instruments on the Internet today are varying as much as the creation of those properties. Patents, trademarks, copyrights, nondisclosure and confidentiality agreements, even non-compete covenants and employment agreements that convey title of intellectual property back to the company, all play an important role in protecting a company's interests from its current and prospective competitors (E-Business Makes Protection Of Intellectual Property More Critical, Complex Than Ever, 2000, para. 3). It goes on to state, It's impossible to prevent employees from taking intellectual property with them when they leave. Strategic partners and even vendors also have access to company secrets, so it's easy to see why the lines of ownership become very blurred when it comes to intellectual property (Traber, 2000, as cited in E-Business Makes Protection Of Intellectual Property More Critical, Complex Than Ever, 2000, para. 2). Generally speaking, the article displays well-written examples providing the reasons behind the need for businesses who partake in e-commerce to seek out and maintain help from law groups so that they may protect their business from expensive and unnecessary lawsuits because of intellectual property theft from employees or from the businesses intellectual property. It is essential to notice that some theft of intellectual property can be committed very easily; especially when the business is unaware of any privacy statements in regards to a specific piece of intellectual property, such as a video used for training purposes. Attaching a privacy disclosure to each piece of intellectual property that the business owns is also critical. The disclosure will help to ensure that the intellectual property remains protected by law, from theft or misuse. Moreover, this also allows the company legal rights to take action against the theft or misuse of the intellectual property, giving the compa ny the advantage in the case. Whether it is unintentionally or intentionally, ignoring the privacy disclosure statements on intellectual property is considered unethical. Making sure that all employees in the company are aware of the privacy disclosure statements in their employee handbook regarding intellectual property is essential. Requiring signatures from the employees helps protect the company from any damages that may incur during a lawsuit against any employee that may illegally use anothers property is a good way to help protect the company. Laws pertaining to the use or theft of intellectual property are continuously changing.

Cella Cruz essays

Cella Cruz essays Salsa music started circulating around North America in the 1960s. It was described as a mixture of Latin musical styles. For years, salsa was dominated by the male gender. Even though most salsa musicians were male, a woman by the name of Celia Cruz was able to break that barrier down and allow other female artists to take over the fame of the upbeat and energetic rhythms of salsa. Celia Cruz has been known in transforming the Cuban musical genre known as salsa for female vocalists. Born October 21, 1924 in Havana, Cuba, Celia Cruz has been described as the queen of salsa. Cruz has been portrayed as the most influential female vocalist in the history of Afro-Cuban music. Even as a young girl, growing up in the poor district of Santo Suarez, with fourteen people living in her household, Cruz was able to draw attention to herself due to her singing. One of her first music auditions took place in a singing contest called La hora del t, and that one audition was enough to motivate her in joining many other auditions across Cuba. Celia Cruzs father was never a big believer in her continuing a career in the music industry. According to her father it was not a career that a woman should part take in. Despite her fathers disapproval, Cruz followed her dreams with the support of her mother. Her biggest break that made her change her career of being a teacher to a full time musician was when she landed the lead vocalist for a group called La Sonora Matancera in 1950. Despite American record executives who did not believe that the fans would approve of a female vocalist singing a rumba record would sell well, her band leader Rogelio Martinez never gave up faith in Cruz. Martinez kept on encouraging the novice singer into not giving up and his encouragements paid off when the album did well both in Cuba and the United States. ...

The dangers that police officers face in rural areas due to the lack Research Paper

The dangers that police officers face in rural areas due to the lack of back up or riding partners - Research Paper Example The personal safety and security of a rural police officer is a cause of stress to the police fraternity, as they are faced with isolation that poses great danger. The back- up required by an urban police officer is met with, almost instantly. Whenever the need arises, the urban police officer is assured of back-up within minutes. The same is not in the case of their rural counterparts because at most times there is the danger that relief comes when it is too late. In most cases it sometimes takes more than an hour to get help from back-up forces. This leads to stress on the part of the rural police officer even when they have to handle seemingly easy cases of domestic violence or auto crashes. A good example of this was an incident that took place on March 31st 1989, where help did not arrive in time and Maine State Police Detective Giles Landry was shot and killed after he responded to a call regarding a domestic dispute in a secluded spot in a rural area. When inspector Landry arrived at the scene of the crime, the suspects girlfriend made a beeline to the passenger seat of the detective’s patrol car, giving the suspect reason to believe that Detective Landry was indeed her lover because he was in an unmarked police car and moreover alone. The suspect had slowly approached the vehicle from the rear- end and shot at Landry twice through the window at the back, with a Ruger .44 caliber rifle, hitting Detective Giles Landry in the head, putting an end to him instantly. Immediately after this, the suspect shot at his girlfriend killing her on the spot and soon after that committed suicide himself. The detective officer had left behind a wife and their two children. There are countless such cases taking place especially in the rural areas, where unsuspecting police personnel are at the mercy of dangerous criminals. Such a dangerous situation could have been averted had the officer

Creating the Decision Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creating the Decision Environment - Essay Example This is happens because the group welcome outside opinions, so there is no objectivity. This can be prevented by always having a neutral party that hasn’t been part of the group. This brings insight to it, and also leaves room for questioning of that decision and with this, a better decision is made. (Virtualsoft, 2009) Belief in Inherent Morality of the Group: The group has a mindset that the decision they have made is moral and ethical, this is because the group assume that they have done right. To prevent this kind of problem. The group should give the same scenario to an anonymous group of different people and gauge their responses to tell whether their decision is right (Janis, 2009). Collective Rationalization: This happens when the group makes a decision and they believe it rational. This happens when the collection of material is highly selective and biased. This tends to leave out some information that does not fit into the groups’ decision and reason for the s ame. This can cause a big problem because when a decision is made without all the relevant information regarding is examined (Marlene & Antony, 1998). This is mostly because of the close mindedness in the group. This is can be avoided by bringing in experts to examine the problem and advise the group before a group decision can be made. With the inclusion of an expert, critical information is less likely to be omitted. Illusion of unanimity: When the group look to each other to confirm their theories without consulting or involving an outside source (Janis, 2009). This close-mindedness can cause problems during the decision making process. To avoid this, the leaders should not state preference initially. This influences the group and affects the decisions made. Self-Appointed mind guards: this is also as a result of close mindedness, and the avoidance of troublesome ideas, these mind guards are usually to protect the leader. To prevent this symptom, a devil’s advocate should be appointed within the group and the sole purpose should be to critique every decision and look for flaws in it. This individual should ensure that alternatives are explored extensively. Stereotyping: Excessive stereotyping is a major symptom of groupthink; this happens when the group members start forming and constructing negative stereotypes of other rival groups (Janis, 2009). This happens especially if the other group’s opinions or ideas are not the same as theirs. This leads to the group shunning any external input leading to a decision that is a result of close mindedness. This can be prevented in decision making environments by always discussing what is happening with others outside the group (Marlene & Antony, 1998). With this, diversity is brought into the group and the decision in question will have been vetted by different individuals not just the group members, this makes the decision so much better. Pressure for conformity: Another symptom of groupthink is the m embers pressure anyone in the group that expresses an opinion or argument that is against their beliefs or ideas. They make this member or members feel that they have to conform. They make them feel that expressing an idea different from theirs is a sign of disloyalty. So in situation where a member might have a differing opinion they do not express it because they want to