Saturday, December 28, 2019

Racism In The Movies Essay - 621 Words

Spike Lee’s, Do The Right Thing is a comtemporary look at racism in a ordinary city urban neighborhood. The movie is seen through the eyes of the main character, Mookey, we are shown the multiple relationships and often typical stereotypes of racial groups. This movies is filled with symbolism and imagery that feeds to the story’s plot. Throughout the movie, the scorching heat is always being refereed to. As the movie goes on , the heat rises. I think this is done to represent the increasing racial tension within the neighborhood. The movie uses many situations to paint a picture of the racial tension and inequality. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The main plot of the movie involves the relationship that a black neighborhood has with an†¦show more content†¦They are all blacks. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Yet a third conflict occurs between residents of the neighborhood and the Korean owners of convenience. Here there is a small language barrier that leads to some of the frustration. Another, larger part of the problem is that residents see the majority of the business in their (black) neighborhood as being owned by non blacks. This serves to create anger toward the owners of these business. The residents think that unfair that things are this way. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A fourth incident occurs when a white male is walking his bike across the street and accidentally scuffs the kicks of one of the neighborhood blacks. The black guy get very upset because the white man did not apologize,and begins to chase after him. The black guy catches the white guy and starts to reprimand him and threatened him. The white man then responds by saying that the neighborhood is his. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The movie ends in a final confrotation at Sal’s in which the police are called and a local black resident of the neighborhood is killed by the police while they are trying to restrain him. This actoin by the police sets the other black residents off. They begin to riot and proceed to destroy Sal’s pizza joint. They almost destroy the Korean store too, except that the owner keeps yelling that he is one of them (black). This act seems to satisfy the mob.Show MoreRelatedRacism in Disney Movies Essay5488 Words   |  22 PagesSullivan 30 March 2010 Racism in Disney During the last several decades, the media has become a strong agent in directing and controlling social beliefs and behaviors. Children, by nature, can be particularly susceptible to the influencing powers of the media, opening an avenue where media created especially for children can indoctrinate entire generations. Disney movies, like all other media â€Å"are powerful vehicles for certain notions about our culture,† such as racism. (Giroux 32). Racist scenesRead MoreAmerican Sport Movies Dealing with Racism6989 Words   |  28 Pages1. American Sport Movies There are few countries in the world in which sports permeate national life to the degree that it does in the United States. Sports are a big part of the fabric of American life. The centrality of sports in American life is amply reflected in the American cinema. For decades movie makers have successfully mined sports to produce some of the most inspiring, poignant, exciting and memorable American movies ever made. The genre of ‘Sport Movies’ established in the FiftiesRead MoreMovies Control: Sex and Violence1436 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays, the media has a greater influence than ever on what the public believes and accepts. Research shows that the amount and realism of violence and sex in movies has skyrocketed, influencing the views of our generation. However, little to no attention is placed on the effects of movies on our views of racism, sexism, classism, and heteronormativity. Before watching a movie, you can get a general idea of how much sex and violence it will contain, in order to decide if it is appropriate for youRead More Comparing the Movies A Time to Kill, by John Grisham and To Kill a Mockingbird1285 Words   |  6 PagesHollywoodized, modern-day version of To Kill a Mockingbird. Both movies employ many of the same themes and plot elements; but the former movie is one-dimensional and predictable while the latter is innovative and purposeful. The movie version of Harper Lees novel To Kill a Mockingbird is considered a classic film, whereas John Grisham?s adapted novel is merely another example of the money making efforts of Hollywood. Some of the movies more prominent themes are the same. Both focus on the familyRead MoreA Time to Kill and to Kill a Mockingbird1314 Words   |  6 PagesHollywoodized, modern-day version of To Kill a Mockingbird. Both movies employ many of the same themes and plot elements; but the former movie is one-dimensional and predictable while the latter is innovative and purposeful. The movie version of Harper Lees novel To Kill a Mockingbird is considered a classic film, whereas John Grishams adapted novel is merely another example of the money making efforts of Hollywood. Some of the movies more prominent themes are the same. Both focus on the familyRead MoreHate And The Video Games Can Be Played By Anyone Because Of Their Safe Ratings For Younger People819 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of people to fight each other in hatred of the other. The killing of one group of people in a game can be taken by some as racism or anti-semitic. But most games don’t try to disseminate or intentionally express hateful racism to other cultures. Rather, encourage and build positive cooperation with others in the gaming community and not being fazed by hatred or racism. Award winning journalist Daniel Terdiman writes that video games have hateful meanings toward a certain group of peopleRead MoreThe Controversial Problem Of Racism941 Words   |  4 Pagesaddressed is racism. In our society, the controversial problem of racism has been a topic quite often talked about. Cases of Martin Luther King Jr., President Obama, Rosa Parks, etc. emphasize this point. Alveda King, a civil rights activist, stated, â€Å"Racism springs from the lie that certain human beings are less than fully human. It’s a self-centered falsehood that corrupts our minds into believing we are right to treat others as we would not want to be treated.† Today, we face racism everywhereRead MoreRace Is a Significant Factor in Identification of Individuals and Groups1493 Words   |  6 Pagesbattle is over. This fantasy mentality is due the naturalized process of racism and racial discrimination (Hall, 272). Naturalized racism is especially dominant in aspects of pop culture including television, and movies. Racism has been commodified and depicted as an act of celebration, which adds to the invisibility. Pop culture has an influential role in constructing and producing the celebratory and commodified ideology of racism. Stuart Hall claims that to understand the ideology of race it isRead MoreCultural Aspects Of American Culture1345 Words   |  6 PagesThree cultural aspects that I observed in the movies are assimilation, acculturation, and enculturation. I saw assimilation in both Spanglish and Crash. In Spanglish, Cristina was the one who went through assimilation. She adapted the American culture and left behind her Hispanic culture. She learned English, Mrs. Clasky took her shopping, and she was able to go to a private school. In the movie Crash, assimilation is seen through all the different people who have adopted the American lifestyle.Read MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Get Out787 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Im T.S... motherfuckin-A. We handle shit. Thats what we do. Consider this situation... fuckin handled.† Get Out(2017), a modern-day twist on the ongoing issue of racism. It follows the story of an interracial couple, Chris Washington(Daniel Kaluuya) and Rose Armitage (Allison William s) visiting Rose’s parents for their annual labor day party. Jordan Peele, the director, captured the audience by having them at the edge of their seats from all of the suspense but added comedic relief to break

Friday, December 20, 2019

Essay on The Genius of the American Constitution - 1094 Words

â€Å"When people fear the government, there is tyranny. When the government fears the people, there is liberty.† By 1787, the enlightened statesmen began to understand and accept the flaws of the Articles of Confederation. It was too weak and did not allow the new nation’s economy to thrive. The system under these articles failed to create a strong central government and even lacked a court system. One major weakness of the central government was that they could not tax the states and this lead to an uneven distribution of power, and the states became overwhelmingly powerful. The challenge was to write a new constitution that was strong enough to hold the country and states together, secure the rights of the people, and not allow a single†¦show more content†¦The judicial branch also has the job of deciding the application of a law and protecting laws form passing that are unconstitutional. Another separation of power was put into place in the legislative bran ch to solve the problem of big states vs small states. This problem would be solved by having two parts of congress, the senate and the House of Representatives. The senate would consist of two representatives or senators from each state, while the house representatives would vary from state to state according to population. The small states were happy in the senate because they had the same say as larger states, whereas in the house, larger states were happy because they had more votes. This protected against tyranny because not one state or representative could gain absolute power. Having three branches with separate powers defends against tyranny simply because instead of having one power such as the king of England, who made all of the decisions, there are multiple parts of the government working together to come to an agreeable solution. (Document B, D) The Separation of powers on its own could not prevent tyranny. Although, the branches of power we distinct and unique, they â €Å"[Were not to be] so far separated as to have no constitutional control over each other.† TheShow MoreRelatedThe Genius of the American Constitution1000 Words   |  4 Pages The Genius of the American Constitution Since the advent of human government, one of the principle fears held by the constituents of the government has always been to prevent any form of tyranny or abuse within it. Tyranny can be loosely described as one person or a group of people having total power in a government leading to the subjugation and oppression of people’s rights. Many new nations wish to eliminate any aspect of their government that may eventually lead to tyranny. The United StatesRead MoreWilliam Lloyd Garrison Was A Brave Journalist1585 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Lloyd Garrison was a brave journalist whose biggest goal was to end the enslavement of African- Americans. In 1805, the inspiring journalist, was born in Newburyport, Massachusetts where he endured extreme poverty. For example, Garrison was abandoned by his father at the age of three and was raised by a single mother. In 1816, Garrison struggled in grammar school and he even said that â€Å"he did not know one single rule of grammar.â⠂¬  Even though, Garrison was ten years old, he was not that brightRead MoreThe United States Of America1171 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States of America: the land of the free and the home of the brave. This country is supposed to be a paragon of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness and it has been so preached for generations. The constitution testifies that all men are created equal. It states that all men are free; free from religious prosecution and oppression and exclusion. America’s forefathers fought for their independence, constructed a nation, set their beliefs in stone, and vowed to live accordingly. HistoryRead MoreWilliam Lloyd Garrison:His Impact On The Abolitionist Movement.1188 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Abolitionist Movement William Lloyd Garrison was a leader among the American abolitionists, a self-made journalist, and social reformer. He was world renown, considered one of the most vocal opponents of slavery before the Civil War. Garrison made an impact on the abolitionist movement by promoting non-violent and non-political resistance, calling for the immediate end to slavery as well as equal rights for black Americans. William Lloyd Garrison was born in December 1805 in Newburyport, MassachusettsRead MoreJudicial Restraint/Activism Essay895 Words   |  4 PagesJudicial Restraint/Activism Justice William J. Brennan, Jr. said it the best in his speech to the Text Teaching Symposium, We current Justices read the Constitution in the only way that we can: as Twentieth Century Americans. Justice Brennan also called the Constitution a fundamentally public text and called for its use to resolve public issues. If that is true, then the document must be interpreted from todays perspective - Judicial Activism. However, using only that approach wouldRead MoreEssay on Biography of Alexander Hamilton 1054 Words   |  5 Pagesmerchant Nicholas Cruger, keeping Crugers business records, and coordinating business efforts between the merchant ship captains, government officials, and planters. Cruger and a local Presbyterian minister, Reverend Hugh Knox, recognized Hamiltons genius and persuaded him to leave St. Croix for New York City. Alexander left the island in 1772, never to return again. In New YorkRead MoreAmerica Is Responsible For Transcending The Way Government Functions859 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica is responsible for transcending the way government functions. The idea that people have certain inalienable rights that are God given was revolutionary thinking for the era of the founding fathers. There have been many instances throughout American history where we have failed to live up to the founding principles from the Declaration of Independence, of: life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness— for all our citizens— but we have also had many moments of inspiration in being trailblazersRead MoreGeorge Washington : The American Of American National History Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Washington stands at the origins of American national history. Many Americans call him â€Å"the father of our country†. Washington commanded the Continental Army in the Revolutionary War. He led the American colonists to freedom from British rule. H e headed the convention that created the U.S. Constitution, as president of the republic Washington has created a basis for a federal government in which the Americans were able to find their national agreement. Despite his accomplishments as a generalRead More freedom of speech Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å" Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press† -First Amendment, U.S. Constitution. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;According to the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, one of the basic principles our country is based on is the freedom of speech. Because of this, as eras and ages have passed in this still young and growing country, this amendment has had a greater use then statedRead MoreThe Revolution Of The 19th Century1609 Words   |  7 Pagesman, Simon Bolivar, regarded by many as the greatest genius that the Latin American world has ever produced. His life was profoundly influential on the history of the Americas, and it changed them for the better. The revolution began when Napoleon conquered Spain in the Peninsular war. He then installed his brother Joseph as king of Spain, booting out the Bourbon Dynasty. This inflamed the tensions that had been going on in the Spanish American colonies for a long time, as there were disagreements

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Business and Corporations Law Common Law Jurisdictions

Question: Describe about the Business and Corporations Law for Common Law Jurisdictions. Answer: The concept of past consideration being not good consideration is no longer valid since the High Trees case. Analysis Issue: In common law of jurisdiction, a contract is a piece of legal document to enforce a promise to be contained in a deed or supported by a consideration. Considerations are one of the building blocks of a contract. In Australia, the law of contract in Common Law Jurisdictions concerned with bargain. The consideration for a promise is a situation where some profit, interest or benefits accrues to one party who is making a promise as a result of some loss, detriment or responsibility that has been undertaken by the promise. The common statement pertaining to a consideration is often expressed as consideration should be executor or executes and not past. As an illustration, an example of past consideration can be cited where an owner of an office arranges to make additional woodwork at the outside of adjacent office as a voluntary act while the adjacent is on closed. When the owner of adjacent office returned, he was happy with other companys kindness and promises to share the cost. Later if the owner of the adjacent office would refuse to pay, the owner of the office who performed extra woodworks cant take any action as past consideration is no consideration. This principle has a link with Oak Tree Housing Property way back in mid twentieth century during World War II. Before the World War 2 broke out, the owner of this housing property had lease agreement on a certain rate. However, during the World War II, many of the flats got vacant the owner had to settle new lease agreement with a lower rate where no time limit was specified. Once the war was over, the demand for housing went up and the owner wanted to go back to earlier higher lease rate. But it was considered as the case of past consideration (Valente, 2010). Consideration stands for value of something which is promised for the purpose of entering into a contract. Consideration may be of any type including money, goods, services or some actions which is agreed upon. Each contract contains a consideration which binds the agreement legally and this forms a critical part of formation of contract. Hence the benefit is enjoyed through past consideration while making a contract. Otherwise, every party signing the contract promised to do something for the exchange of some consideration. The absence of proper consideration in tangible form cannot force anyone to enter into a contract. Hence if there is no consideration specified in a contract, the same is going to be void and not enforceable. The contracts can be of different types with the nature of participants. It may be bilateral or unilateral contracts. Bilateral contract are being made between two parties who enter into an agreement for some consideration with the action of making mutual pr omises to one another for some considerable purpose. For unilateral contract, there are two parties who have entered into an agreement for some monetary consideration for some job promise by other party. Normally parties of bilateral contract are bounded with their promises during the time when the promise was made. But unilateral contract normal used to bind a person who had initiated the process making promise. So the other party to the unilateral contract is not considered as making provision of for consideration till the time he had ensured the action as promised under the contract. Normally the courts do not involve them in the debate of amount of consideration to be exchanged as per the agreement of the contract. At times it is observed that the minimal or nominal value can be initiated as the constituent of the contract to be endorsed as consideration. In case of reviewing past consideration, the court concentrates in the main issue of the value of consideration to be proved as sufficient. The mandatory implication of consideration is to make compliance of the promise for the current contract(ASX, 2016). Rule: The conventional rule related to agreement is a promise which is based upon the foundation of moral or past consideration is to be treated as a promise to donate with no force as such from any party. There are three main situations which are treated as exception to traditional rule. They are: Promise to repay a debt which is proved to be barred by statute of limitations enforceable although if there is some new consideration is implemented. The second exception to this act states that a promise which is based upon morality with consideration of the past is not enforceable is a promise which binds to perform an obligation which can be voidable in nature. This promise can be enforceable even with the absence of fresh consideration till the time the new promise is made which is not subject to the prevailing defence which made the main obligation as voidable. The third exception applicable to the act which says that the promises which are based on moral or past consideration are not liable to be enforced while repayment of debts is void due to the occurrence of bankruptcy(Legislation, 2001). Case study- Research: During the hearing of the case the judge, Denning J decided that the mount of full rent is to be paid since the period when the flats got fully occupied in mid 1945. Again he added that without any precedence created the statement that in case of the Central London tried to recover the full rent from 1940 onwards, they would not be allowed to do so, as per the case judgment of Hughes Vs. Metropolitan Railway Co. Basic reason for this was that in case of any party makes other party trust that there will be no enforcement of his legal rights, then the court will restrict him to do so at a post-stage. Hence decision, without creating any precedence is created the doctrine of promissory estoppel. There were attempts made to make the utilisation of the doctrine promissory estoppels after High Trees for creating new effort in the application of the contractual law through Pinnels case which says that an agreement of accepting part payment against any debt as full consideration is with full satisfaction. The judge of the High Trees case, Lord Denning told without creating any precedence that the enforceable agreement like this will be treated as within the periphery of doctrine of promissory estoppel. Although the court is not willing to accept the case of Pinnel and Foakes V Beer due to the reason that it had formed part of common law by neglecting the full law at their wish. There is other verdict from Lady Justice Arden in case of Collier V P MJ Wright, it had been accepted on principle that the judgement of High Trees should be used for the purpose of extinguishing right of the creditor to tense full payment of any debt in such phenomenon. In the case of Amalgamated Investm ent Co. V Texas Bank, the judgment was that the doctrine of promissory estoppels could be treated as a sword and not like a shield which means that estoppels can be used as the cause of action and not for the purpose of defending any action(Abc, 2012). References: Abc, 2012. James Hardie directors breached duties: court. [Online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-05-03/high-court-rules-in-favour-of-asic-in-hardie-case/3987196 [Accessed 16 September 2016]. ASX, 2016. Annual General Meeting. [Online] Available at: https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20160418/pdf/436kwng9dkn2sf.pdf [Accessed 13 September 2016]. Austlii, 2001. CORPORATIONS ACT 2001 - SECT 45A. [Online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s45a.html [Accessed 09 September 2016]. Cunningham, W.M., 2012. The JOBS Act: Crowdfunding for Small Businesses and Startups; https://books.google.co.in/books?id=_ki98dpPksECprintsec=frontcoverdq=crowdfundinghl=ensa=Xsqi=2ved=0ahUKEwjQxN7z8ujOAhXGp48KHcpoCGAQ6AEIJjAC#v=onepageq=crowdfundingf=false. In Cunningham, W.M. The JOBS Act. Apress. pp.1-52. Legislation, 2001. Corporations Act 2001. [Online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00003 [Accessed 09 September 2016]. Valente, D., 2010. Consideration and Intention in the Law of Contract; https://www.otago.ac.nz/law/research/journals/otago036314.pdf. Enforcing Promises, pp.1-55.

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Lukacs free essay sample

# 8217 ; Reification And Heller # 8217 ; s Theory Of Needs In Marx Essay, Research Paper 1. A small over a decennary after the # 8220 ; prostration of Communism # 8221 ; , it might look that Marxist theory has been relegated to little more than an historical or even archaeological artifact with small relevancy to or influence over an of all time encroaching and spread outing, globalizing capitalist economy. Socialism # 8220 ; proper # 8221 ; , as a province economic theoretical account and political orientation seems to hold been banished to the borders of the universe scene. The black consequences in footings of the absolutisms and dictatorship that have ensued wherever an effort has been made to implement a socialist theoretical account ; the Fukuyaman announcement of the # 8220 ; terminal of history # 8221 ; after communism collapsed, this terminal being equated with the eschatological victory of free-market capitalist economy ; and the insisting of transnational endeavors and capitalist authoritiess on the enlargement of planetary capital appear to some extent to hold marked the decease of socialism and Marxist review. 2. However, it can non be denied that cardinal contradictions remain and are increasing in strength. Recent events, such as frequently violent presentations whenever and wherever organic structures seen to be representative of planetary capitalist economy, such as the World Trade Organisation, meet, and the rush in anti-western sentiment, particularly in Islamic middle-eastern states, point to a tendency that now denies the exultant temper in the West during the early 1890ss. Magnus and Cullenberg referred to these already in 1994 in their Introductions to Derrida # 8217 ; s Ghosts of Marx: Given the troubles some democratic, free market economic systems are sing # 8211 ; including the predicament of the homeless, the deficiency of equal wellness attention, environmental debasement, and tremendous debt burdens # 8211 ; what kind of theoretical account for the hereafter do we hold? And what is one to do of the destructive, even violent # 8220 ; nationalisms # 8221 ; which have followed in the aftermath of the prostration of communism, non to advert deadly signifiers of ethnocentrism and xenophobia possibly non seen since Hitler # 8217 ; s Germany? What does this imply so for? the planetary economic system and life throughout our shared universe? ( eight ) Derrida besides takes note of the economic contradictions sabotaging the # 8220 ; stop # 8221 ; of history: And how can one overlook, furthermore, the economic war that is ramping today both between [ the United States and the European Community ] and within the European Community? How can one minimise the struggles of the GATT pact and all that it represents, which the composite schemes of protectionism recall every twenty-four hours, non to advert the economic war with Japan and all the contradictions at work within the trade between the affluent states and the remainder of the universe, the phenomena of indigence and the fierceness of the # 8220 ; foreign debt # 8221 ; , the effects of what [ Marx s ] Manifesto besides called # 8220 ; the epidemic of overrun # 8221 ; and the # 8220 ; province of fleeting brutality # 8221 ; ? it can bring on in alleged civilised societies, and so forth? ( 1994: 63 ) 3. We have seen the effects of the GATT struggles in metropoliss like Seattle and Melbourne, with large-scale presentations against the World Trade Organisation. Much more powerful, flooring and eventful a symbol of late capitalist contradictions, nevertheless, is the devastation of the towering World Trade Centre in New York by self-destruction bombers earlier this twelvemonth and the resulting # 8220 ; War on Terrorism # 8221 ; waged by the West upon Afghanistan. 4. It seems though, that with the # 8220 ; stop # 8221 ; of history, the West has besides experienced the loss of history. A genuinely critical ( self- ) analysis, necessitating at least a depth consistent with that of the Marxian tradition is obviously missing in visible radiation of the virtually automatic and instant response of what has been widely dubbed as the # 8220 ; War on Terrorism # 8221 ; ( as opposed to, state, # 8221 ; Yet another War in Afghanistan # 8221 ; ) . 5. What of the # 8216 ; world # 8217 ; of socialism though? Feher, Heller and Markus ( 1983 ) have argued that, whatever else they have been, those states which have defined themselves as socialist have been anything but. Socialism has non yet really existed: The new society, the # 8216 ; absolutism over demands # 8217 ; , is neither a novel, modified signifier of ( province ) capitalist economy, nor is it socialism # 8211 ; it is # 8217 ; something else # 8217 ; . It is a societal formation wholly different from any that has existed in European or universe history to day of the month and it is every bit different from any relevant construct in footings of which socialism, either # 8217 ; scientifically # 8217 ; or in a Utopian mode, has of all time been conceived ( 221 ) . As they go on to explicate, one of the grounds for this dramatic failure of socialism to go a existent societal formation is that, Marxism ( and socialist theories in general ) were much excessively self indulgently value-free, in the positive sense typical of nineteenth-century theories, to do unequivocally clear the conditions, the fulfillment of which would represent socialism ( and conversely, the conditions, the privation of which constitutes an anti-capitalist formation, which nevertheless can non and should non be identified with socialism ) ( Feher, Heller A ; Markus, 1983: 229 ) . 6. Both Lukacs # 8217 ; construct of hypostatization and Heller # 8217 ; s analysis of the Marxist theory of demands, which I attempt to clarify here, are themselves efforts to counter this positivism built-in in Marxism, which has tended to blight socialism to its utmost hurt wherever it attempts to breed itself as a societal world. This type of controling of positivism in Marxian review has appeared elsewhere besides, for illustration in Baudrillard # 8217 ; s [ Symbolic Exchange ] which tends to knock the valorisation and naturalization of the construct # 8220 ; work # 8221 ; over and against that of ( inordinate ) # 8220 ; play # 8221 ; , and in Derrida # 8217 ; s already cited Ghosts of Marx ( 1994 ) , which highlights peculiarly that historically sited Marxism and communisms are mediated by the societies, civilizations and traditions in which they appear and argues for a plurality of Marxism ( s ) and even of the proper name Marx. 7. Concepts such as Lukacs # 8217 ; # 8216 ; hypostatization # 8217 ; and Heller # 8217 ; s # 8216 ; dissatisfaction # 8217 ; are still valid, particularly in visible radiation of the triumphant # 8217 ; self-indulgence # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; positivism # 8217 ; of capitalist theories, such as globalization and economic rationalism, which are now trying in a similar mode that appears to many people as more dictatorial than democratic, at the least in a # 8217 ; sinister # 8217 ; mode, to go planetary societal worlds. For this ground I have digressed slightly: excessively frequently university essays can look abstract exercisings, with small relevancy to the # 8216 ; existent # 8217 ; universe, but in straying onto recent historical contradictions, I want to foreground that Marxist theory need non decease peacefully at all, or merely be an academic exercising in a theory which is merely of historical involvement. 8. Both Lukacs in his analysis of hypostatization and Heller in her analysis of demands in Marx postulate as cardinal effects of commodifaction the fact that the worker becomes dominated by and alienated from his ain activity and labor power # 8211 ; the consequence of commodification is basically one of alienation and disaffection. Heller ( 1974: 48 ) defines this as follows: In disaffection ( and peculiarly in capitalist economy ) the end/means relation inherent in labor is turned upside down and becomes its opposite. In trade good bring forthing society, usage value ( the merchandise of concrete labor ) does non function to fulfill demands. Its kernel consists, on the contrary, in fulfilling the demands of the individual to whom it does non belong. The nature of the usage value that the worker produces is all the same to him ; he bears no relation to it. Hence, the worker in modern capitalist economy is alienated from his labor as concrete because its merchandise serves to fulfill the demands of person else, non his ain. What the worker performs for himself is # 8216 ; abstract labour # 8217 ; ( 48 ) which he performs for another in exhange for money in order to fulfill his ain necessary demands, which labour appears so as an obectivated trade good when rendered as concrete. The consequence is that # 8220 ; capitalist industry and agribusiness do non bring forth for demands, nor for their satisfaction. The terminal of production is the valorisation of capital, and the satisfaction of demands ( on the market ) is merely a agency towards this terminal # 8221 ; ( 49 ) . 9. Lukacs renders this disaffection in footings of the hypostatization of the trade good: What is of cardinal importance here is that because of this state of affairs [ trade good hypostatization ] a adult male # 8217 ; s ain activity, his ain labor becomes something nonsubjective and independent of him, something that controls him by virtuousness of an liberty foreigner to adult male ( 1971: 86,87 ) . 10. Although Lukacs beginnings his analysis of hypostatization in the subdivision in Marx # 8217 ; s Capital entitled # 8216 ; The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof # 8217 ; ( Lukacs, 1971: 86 ) , we can see the kernel of both of the above commendations in Marx # 8217 ; s Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts. In these, in a much stronger tone than is used in, say, Capital, Marx already develops the subjects of disaffection, trade good hypostatization and the construct of the worker # 8217 ; s demands and their satisfaction, or the impossibleness of fulfilling these under capitalist economy. In footings of hypostatization and the disaffection of adult male # 8217 ; s labour, Marx writes: ? the worker sinks to the degree of a trade good and becomes so the most deplorable of trade goods? the misery of the worker is in reverse proportion to the power and magnitude of his production? The worker becomes all the poorer the more wealth he produces, the more his production additions in power and size. The worker becomes an of all time cheaper trade good the more trade goods he creates? Labour produces non lone trade goods: it produces itself and the worker as a trade good – and this at the same rate at which it produces trade goods in general ( Marx, 1997: 60-62 ) . This procedure has the direct consequence of estranging the laborer from the object in the capacity of the merchandise of his labor: The worker puts his life into the object ; but now his life no longer belongs to him but to the object. Whatever the merchandise of his labor, he is non. Therefore the greater this merchandise, the lupus erythematosus he is himself. The disaffection of the worker in his merchandise means non merely that his labor becomes an object, an external being, but that it exists outside him, independently, as something foreigner to him? ( 62 ) This is a procedure of instrumentalisation that is impacting the worker. It consequences in # 8220 ; alienation, the loss of the object, of his merchandise # 8221 ; ( 63 ) , which in bend straight affects the demands of adult male and how they are satisfied, which is the focal point of Heller # 8217 ; s analysis. As a consequence of disaffection, adult male # 8217 ; s need go of all time greater, but the lone manner he can react to his demand is in the selfish objectification of the other: Man becomes of all time poorer as adult male, his demand for money becomes of all time greater if he wants to get the hang the hostile power [ which is the demand as foreign power placed in him by the other, so that the other may try to fulfill his ain demand which turns worlds into mere means towards an foreign terminal: that of net income ] . The power of his money diminutions in reverse proportion to the addition in the volume of production: that is, his neediness grows as the power of money additions ( 82 ) . The apogee of the disaffection of labor and subservience of adult male to alien, # 8216 ; fanciful # 8217 ; ( 82 ) demands is the victory of money [ defined in The Fetishism of Commodities? as the ultimate signifier of the universe of trade goods that really conceals, alternatively of disclosing, the societal character of private labor, and the societal dealingss between the single manufacturers ( Marx, 1954: 76 ) ] , as virtually almighty, taking the natural topographic point of the human being, pass oning worlds to something like the # 8220 ; mist enveloped parts of the spiritual universe # 8221 ; ( 72 ) from wich, by analogy, the Fetishism itself was originally derived: The less you are, the less you show your ain life, the more you have, i.e. , the greater is your anomic life, the greater is the shop of your alienated being. Everything [ taken ] from you in life and in humanity, [ is replaced ] for you in money and in wealth ; and all the things you can non make, your money can make. It can eat and imbibe, travel to the dance hall and the theater ; it can go, it can allow art, acquisition, the hoarded wealths of the past, political power # 8211 ; all this it can allow for you # 8211 ; it can purchase all this: it is true gift ( 84 ) . However, the one thing it specifically can non make, is fulfil human demand, for money merely wants to make and multiply itself, whilst the worker, eventually, may merely have every bit much as will do him desire to travel on life, necessitating ever more, in a ageless rhythm of dissatisfaction. 11. Lukacs # 8217 ; construct of hypostatization is peculiarly elucidated in the essay # 8216 ; Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat # 8217 ; particularly in the subdivision # 8216 ; The Phenomenon of Reification # 8217 ; which appears in History and Class Consciousness ( 1971 ) . The term # 8216 ; hypostatization # 8217 ; , nevertheless, is a instead unmanageable one, and suffers from a symptom that foreign footings frequently tend to endure when translated into English: the inclination to utilize uncommon or vague footings in English. ( We note a similar destiny in the interlingual rendition of Freud # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; das Ich # 8221 ; , literally # 8220 ; the I # 8221 ; , rendered as # 8220 ; the Ego # 8221 ; ; and # 8220 ; das Es # 8221 ; , literally # 8220 ; the it # 8221 ; , rendered as # 8220 ; the Id # 8221 ; . ) The term # 8220 ; hypostatization # 8221 ; is barely an mundane word, and its verb signifier # 8220 ; to reify # 8221 ; is d efined by the Encarta World English Dictionary as, # 8220 ; to believe of or handle something asbtract as if it existed as a existent or touchable object # 8221 ; . The original German term is # 8220 ; Verdinglichung # 8221 ; ( Lukacs, 1923 ) , which conveys the sense of the procedure of being changed into a thing. That which is changed is the # 8220 ; relation between people # 8221 ; ( Lukacs, 1971: 83 ) which # 8220 ; takes on the character of a thing # 8221 ; ( 83 ) . The cardinal impact of Lukacs # 8217 ; analysis lies in his supplication of the word consciousness. As Johnson ( 1984: 10-11 ) draws out, Lukacs locates the radical moral force in the societal being of the worker, as opposed to mechanical economic Torahs which are supposed to necessarily and automatically transform capitalist economy into socialism. Lukacs accordingly relates consciousness to the whole of society ( 1971: 51 ) in order to deduce or ascribe consciousness to the labor # 8220 ; as if they were able to measure # 8221 ; ( 51 ) their nonsubjective state of affairs. This is may be identified as the anti-positivist strain in Lukacs # 8217 ; thought, which is subsequently specified in his unfavorable judgment of # 8220 ; vulgar Marxism # 8221 ; , which # 8220 ; bases itself on the # 8216 ; natural Torahs # 8217 ; of economic development which are to convey about these passages by their ain drift and without holding resort to a beastly force lying # 8216 ; beyond econ omic sciences # 8217 ; # 8221 ; ( 239 ) . However, because # 8211 ; as argued above # 8211 ; worlds are, in capitalist economy, go wholly subservient to and in bondage to perpetually generated fanciful demands ( which might be defined as # 8216 ; luxuries # 8217 ; ) which they are all excessively busy trying to fulfill, the worker is continually persuaded of his subjective value in footings of his consumptive power mediated by money # 8211 ; even if this subjectiveness is merely in the terminal a # 8216 ; false consciousness # 8217 ; . Therefore the labor can non go cognizant in order to analyze its state of affairs with a position to accomplishing true consciousness and revolution. In the terminal, Lukacs is forced to trust on the Communist Party as a interceding power for the imputation of a radical category consciousness. 12. Heller # 8217 ; s analysis of demands in Marx on the other manus, specifically the analysis of extremist demands, proposes that # 8220 ; the worker becomes witting of the contradiction between the demand to develop his personality and the # 8220 ; inadvertent # 8221 ; character of his subordination to the division of labor # 8221 ; ( Heller, 1974: 90 ) . This consciousness is precipitated by the outgrowth of extremist demands, which are demands which capitalist economy is structurally incapable of fulfilling. However these demands # 8220 ; can non be # 8216 ; eliminated # 8217 ; from capitalist economy because they are necessary to its operation? it is non the Being of extremist demands that transcends capitalist economy but their satisfaction # 8221 ; ( 76 ) . Where dissatisfaction of extremist demands so becomes a historical world, the possibility of exceeding capitalist economy besides becomes existent. Take for illustration the impression of # 8216 ; free clip # 82 17 ; : [ The worker ] is convinced that from a certain point onwards capitalist economy is incapable of shortening labour clip any farther: the demand for free clip so becomes in rule a extremist demand, which can merely be satisfied with the transcendency of capitalist economy. When related to the demand for free clip, the character of # 8220 ; extremist demands # 8221 ; is brought out in a peculiarly dramatic mode: it is produced by capitalist economy itself, by its contradictory character, and therefore belongs to the really operation of capitalist economy? At the same clip, necessitate itself mobilises the working category into exceeding capitalist economy ( 91 ) . Heller # 8217 ; s analysis of demands in Marx therefore offers the possibility of the working category going witting of its ain state of affairs and revolting against it in a mode which Lukacs # 8217 ; theory of hypostatization can non. Lukacs in History and Class Consciousness is forced to randomly and unconvincingly rely on the party as go-between of the revolution # 8211 ; nevertheless the inquiry remains, If the labor is incapable of coming to consciousness, what will vouch that the Party is any more unfalsely witting than the labor it is supposed to stand for? It would look that the history of the Communist Party has shown that there is no warrant of this whatsoever. As Heller reminds us: As yet, history has non answered the inquiry as to whether capitalist society in fact produces this # 8220 ; consciousness transcending its bounds # 8221 ; , which in Marx # 8217 ; s twenty-four hours did non be, and whose being Marx hence had to project ( 1974: 95 ) . List OF REFERENCESDerrida, J ( 1994 ) Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, A ; the New International New York: Routledge. Feher, F ; Heller, A and Markus, G ( 1983 ) Dictatorship over Needs Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Heller, A ( 1974 ) The Theory of Need in Marx London: Allison A ; Busby. Johnson, P ( 1984 ) Marxist Aestheticss: The foundations within an mundane life for an liberated consciousness London: Routledge A ; Kegan Paul. Lukacs, G ( 1923 ) Geschichte und Klassenbewusstsein: Studien? ber marxistische Dialektik Berlin: Malin Verlag. __________ ( 1971 ) History and Class Consciousness: Surveies in Marxist Dialectics London: Merlin Press. Marx, K ( 1954 ) Capital Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing. _______ ( 1997 ) The Marx Reader ( ed. C. Pierson ) Cambridge: Polity Press. BIBLIOGRAPHYEagleton, T ( 1976 ) Marxism and Literary Criticism London: Methuen A ; Co. Kearny, R ( 1986 ) Modern Movements in European Philosophy Manchester: Manchester University Press. Heller A and Ferenc F ( explosive detection systems. ) ( 1986 ) Reconstructing Aestheticss: Hagiographas of the Budapest School Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Lukacs, G ( 1962 ) The Historical Novel London: Merlin Press