Strategic Alliances: A Competitive Necessity

The past two decades has been an era of global evolution, in which the globalisation of markets, the convergence of and rapid shifts in technologies, and the breakdown of many traditional industry boundaries, has rendered strategic alliances a competitive necessity (Ohmae, 1989). A single firm is unlikely to possess all the resources and capabilities to achieve global competitiveness. Therefore, collaboration among organisations that possess complementary resources is often necessary for survival and growth (Dussauge, Garrette and Mitchell, 1998).Defined as a long-term, explicit contractual agreement pertaining to an exchange or combination of some of a firm's resources with another firm(s), strategic alliances allow firms to share risks and resources, gain knowledge and technology, expand the existing product base, and obtain access to new markets (Burgers, Hill and Kim, 1993; Dacin, Hitt and Levitas, 1997; HagedoornAlthough the benefits of strategic alliances are well documented, w hether strategic alliances can be a viable entry strategy option for small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) to successfully penetrate markets held by major incumbent suppliers is less clear.In this paper, strategic alliances are shown to be an effective entry-cum-deterrence strategy for SMEs to successfully penetrate markets that are well established and dominated by major corporations. In addition, the conditions under which SMEs can use strategic alliances as an entry strategy without restricting themselves to target only those markets ignored by bigger firms are identified.In terms of methodology, this paper follows a deductive approach – one based on game theory, to examine explicitly the reactions of bigger firms to the entry of SMEs into their markets, specifically taking into account the resource limitations faced by SMEs. To verify that the theoretical arguments presented are consistent with practice, two cases of the use of strategic alliances by SMEs as an entry s trategy to penetrate markets dominated by major corporations are examined. The practices and experiences of these SMEs were found to be consistent with the theoretical arguments presented here.

Educational Needs Assessment Essay

Continuing education plays an important role in the development of nursing professionals in any healthcare institution (Waddell, 1991). However, different institutions have different needs to address with respect to their nurses professional competencies (Gould et. al. , 2004). According to Billings & Rowles (2001), the primary question that institutions have to answer is what particular educational needs their nurses have that are most relevant to the working environment. This paper seeks to determine and prioritize the needs of the Medical-Surgical/Bone Marrow Transplant Oncology Nursing Unit of Sutter Medical Center, Sacramento through the administration of a survey questionnaire to a sample of seven (7) registered nurses and a qualitative analysis of the results. Background Sutter Medical Center is a non-profit hospital that specializes in providing acute and advanced care to patients living in Sacramento and the surrounding area. Its mission is to provide quality primary and tertiary care along with a continuum of services to meet the healthcare needs of the people throughout Northern California. During the previous year, the hospital has been able to generate 58,274 patient days spread across seven (7) hospital units with 20% of which coming from the nursing unit of interest to the study. The unit has 14 registered nurses with varying levels of proficiency and experience. Results There were seven key questions inquired from the seven registered nurses that comprise 50% of the total unit population. Based on the analysis of the results, the particular areas where that the nurses feel should be the focus of any educational program of the institution include chemotherapy patient care, professional stress management, cardiac emergency protocols, infection control, and telemetry. These were the post frequently mentioned topics throughout the questionnaire and thus appear to be the most important concerns according to the nurses surveyed. From the nurses’ responses, it is apparent that many of the nurses consider these subjects as underdeveloped in their professional experience and as such, they are very open to undergoing further education in order to be better equipped in the said areas. Some of the nurses prioritized special topics on patient care due to the large number of patients undergoing chemotherapy. Others consider learning proper stress management as a priority and claim that while they are equipped with the knowledge to care effectively for patients, they often find themselves stressed out in the process and some commented to eventually being in need of care themselves because of the demands of the work environment which they believe that can handle more effectively with appropriate training. With regard to how this new educational program should best be carried out, the nurses surveyed had varying suggestions but what was common among them is the preference of nontraditional educational programs over conventional programs such as actually going back to an institution and enrolling in a course that one has to be physically present to attend. The nurses generally preferred one of two options which are either to learn under the expertise of experienced mentors at work or to get enrolled to online learning classes at home. These preferences underscore the stress that the nurses are already experiencing at work which leaves them with no energy left to actually pursue further studies by traveling to an institution and being physically present to attend class. Hence, some of the surveyed nurses preferred to combine work and study by undergoing active learning under mentors who are experts at particular fields. The other half of the nurses surveyed preferred to learn through online courses that they can take at the comforts of their home and accomplish at their own pace. Common strengths cited by the nurses surveyed include the experience gained as nurses in the institution along with their strong proficiency with the use of current technology. The nurses justifiably claim that their exposure to various situations have honed their abilities in dealing with the same situations. However, they also cite that this is not the best way to learn as it places patients at some risk when they are handling a situation with the patient for the first time. Nurses believe that their expertise in utilizing web resources would allow them to have better access to continuing education since there are many specialized nursing courses available online. Furthermore even without enrolling in online courses, the internet provides knowledge sources that the nurses can access for free. Still, some commented on the level of reliability that these sources have. On the other hand, while the surveyed nurses claim that their experience has improved their competence, they also cite the demanding responsibilities given to them at work for their inability to pursue other educational courses in their profession. Some responded that the time that they spend between work and their families practically make up all the time that they have, and cite this fact as one of the major weaknesses in undergoing an educational program. In analyzing the sample’s assessment of hospital management’s sensitivity to their need for more specialized education, there is a general dissatisfaction perceived based primarily in the inability of management to respond to the staffing needs of the unit. The nurses stressed that while there are some educational programs being offered by the institution, these programs simply cannot be availed of by many of the nurses because of the physical and mental pressures brought about by their workload. One barrier to education that was highly prevalent with the sample is the lack of time due to the 5:1 nurse-to-patient ratios that the hospital has not been able to improve over the past years. Nurses need to prioritize their patients over other professional responsibilities and so continuing education takes a backseat. Some of the nurses also suggest that the hospital should give incentives to nurses who are willing to undergo additional training and education in order to motivate nurses to find the time for the task. Conclusion There is clearly a need to effect effective educational programs for the Medical-Surgical/Bone Marrow Transplant Oncology Nursing Unit of Sutter Medical Center. The nurses surveyed all agree that an effective program will be able to provide them with much needed professional development that they can use to improve the overall quality of service that they provide for their patients. However, the barrier of a highly toxic workplace caused by understaffing need to be addressed first before any program can be implemented that can capture the interest of the unit nurses. Thus, the top priority need of the unit involves the installation of a stress management program that would be able to help the nurses cope with their demanding responsibilities might be effective in taking out some of the pressure and allowing room for the nurses to accommodate professional training programs and academic work. A secondary need would be to address content that the nurses feel are lacking in their professional competence such as specialized subjects in chemotherapy patient care among others mentioned in the survey. It is anticipated that based on the administration’s thrust, they will be receptive to the results of this study and conduct efforts to help their nurses find the time to develop professionally. References Billings DM, Rowles CJ. (2001). â€Å"Development of continuing nursing education offerings for the World Wide Web. † J Contin Educ Nurs. 32(3):107-13. Gould D, Kelly D, White I, Chidgey J. (2004). â€Å"Training needs analysis. A literature review and reappraisal. † Int J Nurs Stud. 41(5):471-86. Click here to read Waddell DL. (1991). â€Å"The effects of continuing education on nursing practice: a meta-analysis. † J Contin Educ Nurs. (3):113-8.

CONTRACT GRADE ASSIGNMENT PORTFOLIO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CONTRACT GRADE ASSIGNMENT PORTFOLIO - Essay Example I can characterize much a larger number of words than I use in anything aside from scholastic written work. An inward ear: I hear what I compose or read in my mind just as it were stood up noisy. Thus, my written work has a cadence to it that helps attract consideration regarding it. A confidence in the essentialness of truth: I do not have faith in objectivity or total truth. In any case, I do accept that truth exists remotely, and that a few perspectives are more substantial than others are, and worth communicating as precisely, as could be allowed. I have a memory solid on distinguishment, however not extraordinary on review: Often, I cannot dig up a memory myself. However, in the event that somebody or something triggers a memory, my brain is superior to very nearly everybodys. I think that distinguishment is more imperative than review for an essayist, in light of the fact that, when a memory is covered, numerous types of intriguing associations are made to it in your brain. By complexity, I think that a photographic memory blocks this inventive methodology, which is the reason I am happy that I do not have one. A hesitance to edit: By the time I wrap up, my psyche is now proceeding onward to something else. I can just alter myself by a demonstration of will; I am still not great at it. An over-utilization of moves: Im so fixated on structure that I would begin each sentence with one on the off chance that I let myself. As things seem to be, one of my routine altering assignments is to erase a large portion of the "as a matter of first importance", "on alternate hands and different moves. A fear about fiction: Above all else, I need to be a fiction essayist. It implies such a great amount to me that its taken me years to really have the capacity to compose it. When I attempt to compose fiction, a straining eventual outcome and I stop up: I am dreadfully partial to the first or striking expression, maybe in light of

Preparing Principals for Leadership in Special Education Essay

Preparing Principals for Leadership in Special Education - Essay Example Adhering to such components face challenges based on the requirements of the district education standards, demand, and supply of qualified faculties, special education teachers and principals (Palladino 2). Currently, the requirements and demands for qualified individuals for each area are high while the supply for personnel is low. Inadequate personnel to cater for the needs of special education directly influence the achievement of educational success among special needs students. Special education has distinct tendencies including its diverse, complex and unique nature because of the nature of the student it serves. This educational division has roles, responsibilities, and duties that differ from those found in non-special needs educational systems. Additionally, these aspects change rapidly and they follow the trends of changing budgets, policies, systems of accountability and best practices that govern their ability to serve this educational system (Palladino 3). In addition, t hese individuals face challenges as they strive to address the inadequacies amongst such students. In my opinion, special schooling leadership occurs as a multifaceted enterprise governed by the notions of social justice (Cooner, Tochterman and Garrison-Wade 4).Special education has four interweaving, but distinctive categories that include district leadership, site leadership, higher education leadership and special education teachers (Palladino 2). These components have different and unique roles in administration, education, and preparation of students with these disabilities. However, they are intertwined based on the influences of academic preparation in administration. For instance, district administration influences site administration influencing the retention of the special education teacher. Special education administration has a distinct place especially at crossroads of the discipline of education administration and special. This crossroad resembles the disciplines of ge neral education, special education and education administration. In such an environment, educational leadership plays a crucial role because they typify crucial concepts associated with effective schooling. The principal of an effective educational system must have the leadership capabilities to manage components of special education administration. The school principal should presume liability for the programs within the school especially in a special education context. This means that the principal must manage these programs including special education services to attain the ambitions of the teachers, education program, and student. According to Cooner, Tochterman, and Garrison-Wade (2005), educational leadership is a crucial variable that determines how effective a school runs. Experience is a crucial factor in ensuring effective educational systems and management of the special education program. For instance, a district may replace 60% of its principals leading to inexperienced management of the schools.  

The Change of Polynesian Islands Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Change of Polynesian Islands - Essay Example This essay primarily concerns about changes of the inhabitants of Polynesia Islands. It looks into who and how the changes affected tradition of Polynesians. Here in, are reasons for construction of a naval base at Pearl Harbor. The lifestyle of people in Polynesia In Polynesia Islands, the inhabitants held in their tradition and customary beliefs, which according to them were sacred and involved principles of the olden days. Polynesians lived as a family, as their community was a centered type. Community centered refers to a community where people live as one exhibiting cordial relations. The reason for referring Polynesians as people of a self-centered culture is that they aimed at ensuring the survival of all people living in these islands (specifically, all Polynesians) (Craig 6). Moreover, the best way of surviving was through a proper utilization of the available resources. Proper allocation of the resources necessitated a good stay. Living by strictly observing the cultural norms was very crucial especially in various distinct places within the Polynesian islands, as it helped them be strong. How Polynesians lived Polynesians had very little knowledge regarding modern ways of living. This denotes the reason why they only believed in the tradition of Polynesia. According to Polynesia French Country Study Guide (53), Polynesians lived differently according to how they would adapt to the conditions of an island. Polynesia Islands’ navigators made use of the oral traditions to spot routing ways. Moving from one island to another was by water machinery available and personally made by Polynesians. Polynesian navigators had unique ways of locating the direction of where they need to sail. Primarily, locating sites was through recollection of essential information including moving of particular stars, knowledge about the horizon, the weather (which depicted the best time to travel, by having a concern about the change in clouds) (Lockard 92). To ensure security during their travel, navigators never revealed how they managed to sail from one region to another. Interventio n of Polynesia islandsby western imperialists Imperialist are people who enact force when invading a region of their interest. They believe that ability to manage the inhabitants of a region is by changing the constitution of the region. Managing individuals was through knowledge of the rules and morals set by their forefathers. Western imperialists grew interest in changing perception of the Polynesian inhabitants concerning their tradition. Purposely, Western people invented Polynesian islands with an aim of improving the economy and obtaining more territories useful during oncoming World War II (Lockard 706). However, the change was not as easy as the Westerns expected. This was because Polynesians never believed of evading their traditions, as they were a guideline to their way of living. Adopting modern culture meant that they accepted the western way of ruling. They would then become part of colonized cities of the Western imperialists. The strategy used by westerners to pursu e their economic benefit The western people have unique strategies of acquiring territories of their desire. They planned on what strategy to use on various states depending on the strength of those states. For instance, an increase in the provisions of a particular region attracts westerners, because it portrays the economic strength of that region (Lockard 853). By acquiring more land, westerners turn the inhabitants into slaves working on their lands. This helped in ensuring that cultivation was at the preferable time. The output is useful for trading

Police civil liability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Police civil liability - Essay Example The pursued entered into other two officers and they were ordered to block the truck by closing the line it was driving. Tipsy did not stop but closed the line and collided with Oldsmobile. After collision, Tipsy and other two passengers in the Oldsmobile lost their lives. There after, the plaintiff filed a claim against the police officers, police chief and the police departments. In the case, the plaintiff claimed that the officers had violated or gone centrally to Section 1983 amendments. In the case, the plaintiff stated that the police did not observe the laws of pursuit in conduct of high speeding. In the case, in order to make the ruling the court must consider some facts. The court must prove that the circumstances which led to accident were as a result of police action. The pursuit involved the death of three people and the court must determine whether the action by police was the main cause of the death. In order for the officers to be held reliable for the death, the action by the officers must be the cause of the incident (Kappeler, 2006)v. Before making the judgement, the court must examine different facts. The court must examine the cause of the pursuit. The court has the duty to examine why and when the pursuit took place. The court also must examine whether the police adhered to the pursuits laws. The police also must examine the cause of accident and events leading to the accident. In the case the police officers was investigating a shoplifting crime. The officer started the pursuit in order to enforce the law by arresting a suspect. The police officer did not contact the pursuit for personal gains but was as a result of performing his duty. The court will determine whether the police officer acted for personal gain or for constitution purposes. In the case the police was enforcing the laws of the state. The court will also have the duty of

Consumer Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 8

Consumer Behaviour - Essay Example 2003, p. 285). Fair trade influence organizations and movements of products in the third world countries by ensuring that consumers pay fair prices for the products. Also, it ensures producers have healthy working conditions, and their rights are preserved from exploitation by some unethical consumer behaviors (Auger & Devinney 2007, p. 361). It is important to note that ethical consumer behaviour allows users to express their personal feelings freely and show the sense of responsibility to societies. It also enables them appreciate products from different companies (Auger et al. 2003, p. 299). Hines and Ames (2000), affirms that 68% of the population buys a product from a company because of the company’s ethical reputation. Also, they argue that 51% of the population makes purchases in different companies due to its behavior. This indicates that a higher per cent of the population are driven by the ethical standards of a producer to buy their products, and this encourages fair trading (Auger & Devinney 2007, p. 365). If the ethical reputation of a company is not standard, then most consumers will tend shy away from purchasing their products. This unethical behaviour can be in the forms of prices or the poor qualities of their products. It can also be due to weak and unhealthy working conditions of the workers and the violation of the consumer rights (Arvola & Vassallo 2008, p. 445). According to a study of a group of European consumers, indicates that most of the consumers are willing to pay more money for proved ethical products from the companies. These consumers are also willing to import ethical products from the producers in the developing countries thereby improving the standards of the producers. In his study of Belgian consumers, Dolan (2009, p. 38) indicated that most of the consumers are willing to pay about 10% more for fair-trade despite the country of

Determining the density of an irregular solid Lab Report

Determining the density of an irregular solid - Lab Report Example From the microscopic point of view, any material usually has a specific arrangement of its atoms. The bonding between the atoms determines the strength of the material. Due to uniformity in the arrangement of particles in any solid, the density of the material is observed to be equal irrespective of the size. It was not until Archimedes invention that the problem of measuring the volume of irregularly shaped object was completely resolved. From Archimedes discovery, the volume of water displaced by a completely submerged object was realized to be similar to the volume of the object, which is submerged in water. Having determined the volume, it is used in the determination of the density of the object after the mass of the object is established through measuring (Franklin Turner Jones, 2007). This paper seeks to give an in-depth analysis of the determination of the density of an irregularly shaped body. 2.0 Relevance of Your Testable Question The research seeks to realize the volume of the irregular object, which is useful in determining the density of the irregular object. Water displaced during the experiment acts as a representative of the irregular object volume, which is difficult to realize through other modern available computation means such as calculus. 3.0 Literature Review 3.1 History of density and Archimedes principle Archimedes principles hail from the era before the global Christendom of the Middle East region. In its ancient form, Archimedes confused volume with density where the water displaced was equated to density rather than the volume. It is interesting to give an account of how this striking discovery was innovated. This Archimedes principle, as the new volume computation methodology was coined, was discovered after Archimedes puzzle over the spilling of water in a bath filled to the brim when he was bathing. Archimedes expected the water to remain at the bat h’s brim level even with his body completely immersed in the bath water. He then went on to reason that the volume of the water that spilled over from the bath was equal to the volume of his body submerged under water (Susan Weiner &Blaine Harrison, 2010). However, this literal interpretational use of the Archimedes principle was revised to imply that the buoyancy force experienced by a submerged object is directly proportional to the density of the submerged object. Formula Buoyant force opposes an object’s weight. The pressure exerted on a body while in liquid is proportional to the depth submerged. This thus translates to the fact that the top of an object experiences less pressure than the bottom when fully immersed in water. According to Archimedes principle, the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. Thus, for objects of equivalent mass but different volumes, objects with larger volumes have greater buoyancy. Mathematically, Buoyancy = weight of displaced fluid Alternatively, it can be reformulated to Apparent immersed weight = weight – displaced fluid weight By using the weights quotients expanded by the mutual volume, Density/density of fluid = weight/weight of displaced fluid. 3.2 A review from related articles: how to evaluate density of an irregular solid; According to Willis and Shirley (1999), different bodies float differently in fluids of different densities depending on the up thrust force. However, if the density of the given body is higher than that of the relative fluid, the body completely sinks. Normally, water

How can a company pursue sustainable development in order to Dissertation

How can a company pursue sustainable development in order to contribute to excellence competitive edge and financial position - Dissertation Example How can a company pursue sustainable development in order to contribute to excellence competitive edge and financial position? This research explores how companies can support sustainable development to improve their competitiveness in the light of the lessons from Toyota. This study mainly relies on secondary data to gather qualitative as well as quantitative data in order for meeting the research objectives. The findings indicate that Toyota strongly supports the concept of sustainable development to gain a competitive edge over its rivals. The sustainable business operations have greatly benefited the TMC to improve its competitive edge and strengthen its financial position. Toyota has been successful in making their customers aware of the company’s environmental sustainability efforts. The organisation increasingly relies on sustainability reports and social networking sites to communicate its sustainability initiatives to the company stakeholders. The emergence of globalisation eliminated international trade barriers and thus intensified cross border flow of capital, labour, ideas, and cultures. Evidently, globalisation and the resulted fast industrial expansion contributed to various issues like global warming, climate change, water pollution, and increased energy consumption, which in turn pose potential threats to the long term sustainability of the environment today. There has also been a notable increase in the population growth over the last two decades, and that worsened the condition. Researches indicate that world’s current non-conventional energy sources will be consumed out if people and organisations continue to consume the energy at the current rate. Therefore, it is necessary to limit the use of conventional energy sources, maintain water quality, and take other environmental actions to meet the needs of future generations. However companies like Toyota have adopted the concept of sustainable development t o drive environment-conscious growth and thereby enjoy wider market acceptance. TMC encourages and establishes innovative technologies to reduce the environmental impacts of its business operations and inspires local communities to support the company’s environmental efforts. In this context, it is relevant to explore how a company can pursue sustainable development in order to contribute to the competitive edge and financial position. 3. Literature review 3.1 A brief overview of Toyota Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC) is the world’s leading automobile manufacturer headquartered in Japan. The organisation was founded on 28th August 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda. As of 2010 Toyota employed 300,734 people worldwide to run its business and the company was rated as the largest automobile manufacturer in the world by means of production (Toyota: CSR & Sustainability News). TMC is a part of the Toyota Group and currently the organisation has presence in almost all countries across t he globe. Since its foundation, the organisation has been particularly focusing on quality because the management believes that quality is the key to brand loyalty. In order to ensure improved product quality, the organisations has developed extensive production line strategies which can make sure that production and assembly processes are in line with accepted industry standards. According to reports, one of

Desktop Publishing for Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Desktop Publishing for Business - Assignment Example The sub-headings to be included, the topics that require to be covered extensively and the ones to be glossed over, have all got to be taken into consideration. DTP offers a lot more flexibility for a person while creating printed materials but the new age student still needs to grasp the importance of learning how to utilise and understand basics of design principle elements like space , texture, value, balance so that he/she can create an effective design layout. Design Principles: What is a design? A design can be said to be â€Å"a plan for arranging elements in such a way as to best accomplish a particular purpose† (Faimon & Weigand 2004: 13). A design is a creation of elements such as line, shape, colour, value and texture and is integrated with principles such as unity, variety, emphasis, balance and scale making it a design principle as a whole. Only when there is a proper integration of both design and principle, we can call it a successful design principle. The desig n principle can be said to be a form of communication through visual means. To communicate effectively, we have to use precise and correct language and likewise in visual communication, the designs we use will determine the efficacy of our communication. An examination of the individual components that make up the design principle in the given brochure, which include balance, white space, contrast, repetition, alignment and proximity reveals balance, in terms of design implies a distribution in visual weight of objects, colours, texture, and space. If we could arrange the designs on a linear scale, then both sides would have to be balance to make the design look and feel stable and if we arrange the design radially, then also the elements are arranged around a central point and may be similar. The rule of thirds is another interesting mode of presentation but looks to be more confusing to a layman when compared to the symmetrical and the asymmetrical mode of presentation. The white space is the empty space left between words or in margins. It is the absence of text and graphics. It can help to follow a layout easily, highlight a certain element or help rest the eyes. All the elements of white space have been very effectively portrayed in the BMW brochure and the best way to utilize it has also been communicated. Avoiding rivers of white space and claustrophobic presentation makes the point clear that a design element has to remain uncluttered to be effective and eye-catching. Contrast forms the crux to a dynamic design, which creates visual interest and enhances the organization and hierarchy of your content. Contrast involves making two or more elements very different (e.g. heading and text). The contrasts shown in the brochure proves weak and the effectiveness could have been better if bright colours were used instead of just black and white images. Black and white does create contrast but all the images look repetitive and uninteresting. â€Å"Repetition w orks with pattern to make the artwork seem active† (Principles of Design 2011: 1). Whenever the elements of a design are repeated, the elements of design create symmetry and unity within the artwork. Repeating certain visual elements of the design throughout, improves visual impact, consistency, and strengthens

Thin Lines between Histories Essay Example for Free

Thin Lines between Histories Essay The connection—history and culture between Africans and Americans can be traced way back in ancient history (Duignan and Lewis xiii). No event linked these two groups—Africans and Americansand Australian natives or the Aboriginal people until the European expansion beginning in the 15th century. In a history review â€Å"Aboriginal Australians,† Nicolas Peterson states that, changes in native-Australian-living began in 17th century. Apparently, customary relationship between Africans and Americans and later the Afro-American, was established in the same event—European occupation. The article â€Å"Aboriginal Australians† reviewed by Nicolas Peterson, claims that, the Aborigines or Aboriginal people were the indigenous occupants of Australia. For at least 50,000 years they have lived and have inhabited every region of Australia. Following their accustomed practice, this tribe lived as hunters and gatherers in the vast lands of Australia. The word Aboriginal is a collective term for indigenous tribes of various cultures. Researches claim that, Aboriginal people also inhabited North America, particularly in Canada which was recognized as parcel of Indians, Metis and Inuit with unique traditional practices, and spiritual beliefs. Native Americans, also known as American Indians, Indians, and native peoples were indigenous peoplefirst people. of North America, as the writing entitled â€Å"American Indians† suggests. They had lived throughout the continent for thousands of years before the European exploration. They built houses and excelled in utilizing the resources around them. On the other hand, African Americans, the Afro-Americans or the American Blacks or Black Americans, whose ancestors are from the West Africa, were considered as a racial group in the United States. Though, they also claimed the European, Native American and Asian ancestry (Duignan and Lewis 6). The two thin lines connecting these tribes lie in the episode of history in the 15th and 17th century. First, the occupation of the Europeans in Australia, Africa and America marked the beginning of the histories of the said three continents; second, while the expedition of the Europeans transcended, Aboriginal history and that of Native and Afro-American history were meeting in the same grounds—declining population and diminishing culture and tradition. In the 15th century, European settlers and explorers began to arrive in the Americas, bringing with them a mass number of Africans, beginning in 1619 from the West Africa, as slaves in farms and European industries, based on â€Å"American Indians†. European wars—natives fighting for their lands and diseases depreciated Native American population. Native Americans learned to work with Europeans by abandoning some of their traditions and adopting new technologies. Duignan and Lewis agree that, slave trade became America’s first link to Africa. Slavery existed in large scale—as the demand for slaves increases, the number of Africans in America also increases intensely and so the Afro-American population. African Americans provided most of the labor for the Europeans. Most of the Africans—who became slaveswere employed to subsistence farming and raising livestock. Their natural abilities both in industries and agricultural fields gave them an advantage as laborers of Americas (6). In 1788, as Nicolas Peterson argues in â€Å"Aboriginal Australians,† the invaders of the West began colonizing Australia. The 17th century marked the devastating period of history in the Aboriginal way of life. The new settlers immediately interrupted the life of the Aboriginal natives, taking over their rich fisheries, sources of water and farm land. Similarly, a number of Aboriginal people died from the outbreak of European diseases and from the struggle to win the control of their lands. Europeans changed the way of life as well as the history of the Aboriginal people and of the Native American to worst. These tribes have lived in their lands long before the colonization happened—the Europeans took it away. They never came in contact with epidemics—the Europeans introduced and brought diseases to their lands. They had the same old tradition and spiritual beliefs—the Europeans attempted to export theirs to them. These changes caused the largest decline in population recorded in history and also a large impact on the history and culture of the natives of America and Australia. And even so with the Africans whose population grew more in the Americas. Europeans conquered countries trying to expand their political power and land ownership. As they did this, their cultures were also expanding and taking over the rich and endemic culture of the Aboriginal people, Native Americans and Afro-Americans. The Native Americans and the Afro-Americans affected the existence of each tribe. The first had its own rich tradition before the Africans were introduced by the Europeans, which it shared to the Negros. The African, likewise, had unique technologies and ways of living, which it allowed to make known to the natives of America. Duignan and Lewis emphasized the dependence of Americans upon the African labor and population (16). The Aboriginal people, nonetheless, were enjoying their fruitful culture long before the colonizers came. And the same lines fall here, both the Aboriginal history and the Native and Afro-American history were marked by the overpowering Europeans. That these Westerners went down to meet the Africans, sent them to America, went east and conquered Australia. But the line does not end there. The lessened population of the continents and tribes they overpowered due to same reasons—land loss and diseasesand the weakened culture during the European occupation, changed the whole course of the parallel histories of the Aboriginal people and Native and Afro-American populations.

Biographical Interpretation Works In Relation Essay Example for Free

Biographical Interpretation Works In Relation Essay Many literary works come across as hard for explanation, its been a problem since literature has been a main stay in society. Over time many styles of interpretation have been both approached and adapted by readers and critics alike. One of the most popular is the biographical interpretation. This is when a reader makes use of details regarding the life, times and works of an author as a means of solving interpretive problems. The biographical interpretation is a very good way to get inside the readers head because the past, and your past experiences are what shape your mind as it matures over time, even the smallest experience can make a decent sized impact on ones thought process. Mark Twain is a good example of an author that has been analyzed, possibly even over analyzed. By every angle he has been looked at, most notably for his works on The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. If you were to read his book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn without taking a look at any biographical pieces about Mark Twain you would undoubtedly not get as much out of the novel as you would in contrast, if you were to read the biography. To prove the point the help of the semi-biographical essay The Life of Samuel Clemens and the Reception of Huckleberry Finn and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn will be called upon throughout the essay. At the beginning of the biographical essay there is an excellent explanation of the personal side of Twain the only clear picture is that Twain was a man of paradox (pg. 19). The reason this excerpt fits the topic of biographical interpretation is because one key word within that quote, that key word being paradox. A paradox is a statement that seems contrary to common sense and yet is perhaps true. With The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn being the novel that we are taking a look at in contrast to the biographical side of Mark Twain this word, paradox, fits perfectly since there are paradoxes running throughout the novel. A good example of a paradox in the novel is from the mouth of Huck Finn himself: When it was dark I set by my campfire smoking, and feeling pretty satisfied; but by-and-by it got sort of lonesome, and so I went and set on the bank†¦ and counted the stars and drift-logs and rafts that come down, and then went to bed; there aint no better way to put in time when you are lonesome; you  cant stay so, you soon get over it. (Pg. 62) The paradox that has been spoken by Huckleberry is that depression and lonesomeness can be slept away. Which when first heard can be looked over and seen as straight out nonsense. However if it is thought about closely most people that are depressed can be get a quick fix from what makes them depressed by sleeping through it as much as they can, sort of like sleep and relaxation was the drug of its time. It may sound inconceivable now, but in the era that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was penned the idea of sleeping, or rather lounging around for days was not that inconceivable because they did not live the busy lifestyle in which we live in current time. This is just one of many paradoxes throughout the book that reflect the author in a great way due to the fact that he was known as a living paradox because of the way he lived his life. For a man that made money out of writing about adventures of rafting down the Mississippi and barely getting by money wise seem so interesting. But grew up living in Connecticut for a good amount of time in his life and also seeking to be filthy rich, and have no worries is most likely the biggest paradox of his life. Another way that the book of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn can be looked at from a biographical perspective and make sense is the fact that the main characters in the novel have a very similar background as to which they grew up in. In a paragraph written by an African American professor of eastern studies and a writer of African-American folktales and poetry. A man by the name of Julius Lester speaks of the relationship between Huck, Tom, and Mark Twain himself in a very unique manner. Just after he speaks of how he does not recollect ever reading the writings of Mark Twain, but then says something to the effect of what American child hasnt read the tales of Huck and Tom so maybe he has, but the literature was not that significant to his life. What Lester has to say is something that most people taking the biographical interpretation approach should use as an approach to all authors in relation to the characters they write of: I do have an emotional memory of going to Hannibal, Missouri with my parents when I was eight or nine, and visiting the two-story frame house where Mark Twain lived as a boy-where Huck and Tom lived as boys. (Pg. 341, Morality and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) This is a great comment because when you take a novel and  try and put a biographical interpretation onto that novel you need to take a very close look at the characters and their relation to the author. That is the mainstay of the biographical interpretation, how the characters are at all a parallel to the author. With Mark Twain himself growing up for part of his life on the Mississippi it gave him great knowledge of what he was talking about, and it gave him the roots of the characters that are now notable American icons. Him having the knowledge of the Mississippi, and of southern life in America at that time influenced the characters and the novel infinitely. Whether it is a satirical look at the way American life was at that time is a whole different essay. With all of this in mind it can be said that he sure lived the life of Huck and Tom whether it be on a lower level, or a parallel these characters and Mark Twain are one in the same. These are only a few examples of how the biographical interpretation of a novel is a very reliable approach to analyzing literature as long as you know that the biographical information is accurate. Doing this will also make the novel much more enjoyable because if you read the biographical essay, paragraph, novel, etc. Then you will be able to go along the book and be able to not look down upon the book, but look more for the reason that that author had said what he said, and what he really meant by it. It is about looking from the inside and looking out at the novel for the reasons behind what was said, instead of looking into the novel for the reasons to not read the book altogether

Aims and Provisions of the 2004 Children’s Act

Aims and Provisions of the 2004 Children’s Act The Children’s Act 2004 The Children’s Act introduced in 2004 aimed to address concerns about the protection of children. As such, to a significant extent it built on the provisions of the 1989 Children’s Act. Above all, the main motivation for establishing a new act relating to children was a series of high profiled cases involving abuse against young children. Moreover, many people felt that the provisions of the 1989 act failed to fully unite the various different organisations that are involved in the protection of children.[1] The purpose of this essay is to examine the aims and provisions of the 2004 Children’s Act. Above all, we will see that the 2004 act aimed to bring about a series of changes that would allow for greater cooperation between various different agencies and organisations. This change has also taken place across the wide general area of social policy in Britain. The name given to this process of greater cooperation is collaborative partnerships.[2] The idea behind this new initiative is that if differing groups involved in social service provision work together then there will be greater possibilities for safeguarding the security and interests of children. However, before I go into detail on this subject let us first examine the reasons and cases that brought about the 2004 Children’s Act. Ultimately, the aim of the 2004 Children’s Act was to build on the previous legislation passed in 1989 and further the possibilities for effective child protection. However, another further motivating factor was the murder of Victoria Climbie in 2000. Nine-year-old Victoria was abused and murdered by her guardians in her London home. The public and media outcry following the case was enormous. Furthermore, it was widely felt that the case had highlighted serious problems within the children protection service. Above all, it was felt that different agencies had failed to act in unison in the months and years prior to Victoria’s murder. As such, a series of new ideas and approaches were adopted towards the protection of children.[3] This new wish to provide better and more effective protection can be seen in the form of two moves. Firstly, the establishment of the Every Child Matters programme and secondly the passing of the 2004 Children’s Act. Every Child Matters was launched in 2003 and aimed to ensure that all children regardless of the financial or social background would be able to achieve their full potential in life.[4] Furthermore, Every Child Matters was set up in an attempt to allow for greater cooperation between varying agencies and organisations involved with children. The setting up of Every Child Matters was a prelude aimed at laying the basis for the Children’s Act of 2004. The Children Act itself aimed to put in place a legal framework, which would provide better protection for children and greater levels of efficiency in the organisations charged with child protection. Local authorities were to receive more support and advice on how to carry out better service for children. There were also changes to the law with regard foster homes, caring and babysitting services, and adoption services. However, although all these issues are very important provisions within the act, the ultimate purpose was to create far greater levels of cooperation and multi agency action in relation to the protection of children.[5] Above all, the Victoria Climbie case had highlighted the extent to which there was little cooperation between different agencies in terms of child protection. Furthermore, it was now realised that there were a considerable number of organisations and agencies that could play a role in child protection. Naturally, local authority child protection services were seen as the most important agency. However, it was clearly vital that child protection services needed to work in close collaboration with other agencies. Therefore, agencies such as the police, school authorities, social services, doctors and charity organisations now all work together in order to provide better protection for vulnerable children. Because each agency has a unique role to play in relation to children it is hoped that such collaborative partnerships will produce better services for children.[6] For example, if a social worker feels that a particular child is in possible danger, they can call upon the expertise an d opinion of a variety of other professionals such as the child’s schoolteacher or doctor. Therefore, with everyone working together for same purpose possible problems can be highlighted and dealt with in a much more effective manner. Now although the 2004 act and Every Children Matters has brought about significant changes to the way in which child protection services operate, there have nonetheless been serious problems. For example, it is sometimes difficult to bring different agencies together in combination when they have previously not worked in collaboration.[7] Also, different agencies may have very different ways of understanding a particular situation, such as that of a social worker compared to a police officer. Very recently such problems have been highlighted in the form of another tragic and horrible case. The case of baby P shows above all the extent to which collaboration between multi agency organisations can break down with terrible consequences. Doctors, police and social services failed to work together effectively enough to protect baby P and therefore the case shows the possible problems that could continue in the future. In conclusion, the main reasons behind the 2004 Children’s Act have been discussed. Above all, it is clear that both the act and the Every Child Matters initiative came about because of perceived failings within the child protection service as highlighted in the case of Victoria Climbie. Above all, government has attempted to enact a system whereby agencies involved with children work in collaboration to achieve better levels of protection. However, although such moves are positive the case of baby P highlights the extent to which there are still serious problems. Ultimately, it will take a considerable time for such moves to work effectively. Cree, Viviane and Myers, Steve. Social Work: making a difference, Bristol: Policy, 2008. Sheldon, Brian and Macdonald, Geraldine. A Textbook of Social Work, London: Routledge, 2008. UK Government, Every Child Matters: Change for Children, â€Å"Children’s Act 2004: guidance on the duty to cooperate† http://www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/strategy/guidance/, date accessed, 01/01/2009. UK Government, Every Child Matters: Change for Children, â€Å"Aims and Outcomes†, http://www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/aims/, date accessed, 01/01/2009. 1 Footnotes [1] Brian Sheldon, and Geraldine Macdonald. A Textbook of Social Work, London: Routledge, 2008, p. 96. [2] Ibid. p.25. [3] Vivienne Cree, and Steve Myers. Social Work: making a difference, Bristol: Policy, 2008, p. 103. [4] UK Government, Every Child Matters: Change for Children, â€Å"Aims and Outcomes†, http://www.everychildmatters.gov.uk/aims/, date accessed, 01/01/2009. [5] UK Government, Every Child Matters: Change for Children, â€Å"Children’s Act 2004: guidance on the duty to cooperate† [6] Cree and Myers, Social Work, 2008, p.113. [7] Ibid, p.116.

The Ultimate Zen :: essays research papers

The one problem with something being lost is the feeling one has for the object once it is gone. That felling of need and longing just creates pain. One could get rid of pain and loss if one could detach one’s self from these tokens. All emotional pain and suffering could be obliterated if one could think of all things, even people, as just things that come and go. This is not an excuse not to care about anybody. It is just a way not to wreck one’s life after something important has left. Sometimes, when a family member or spouse dies, people mourn for an unhealthy amount of time. Morning the death of a loved one is a healthy thing to do, but to let it consume the rest of the living’s life is completely unhealthy. These same feelings could be put towards sex as well. By detaching one’s self from the emotional part of it, there would be no regret, no guilt, no worrying, no sense of betrayal. It could be considered something fun to do with a friend, or merel y something to pass the time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One problem with sex is the emotional attachment that one gets to the other person after the act. This attachment is stronger in women than in men, but most men still feel it, even though it might not be as strong as the woman’s feelings. This sense of attachment will turn into abandonment if one partner does not speak to or see the other again. By detaching emotion from the entire act, this feeling of abandonment will never be felt. Sex does not always have to be between a couple either. It could just be between friends. For example: Instead of going to a movie together, two people could stay in and fornicate. This is where the whole friends-with-benefits idea comes from. They do not need to be with each other all the time and do not mind when they see other people, so just use sex as a recreational sport. It could take the place of baseball as the American Pastime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another emotion that could stem from sex is guilt. If a man was to sleep with a married woman, or visa versa, both would normally feel some sort of guilt. By detaching themselves from the entire act, they would feel nothing. One would be helping the other one by fulfilling needs that were not being fulfilled by the married one’s spouse.

Raising the Dropout Age Essay -- Education, GED, high school

Children are told from a young age that it is mandatory for them to graduate from high school, but it’s not until they are on the verge of dropping out that they hear the importance for staying in school. It is also when they hear how high school students who dropouts learn the incredible price to pay in the future when they give up on an education. Thinking with a teenage state of mind and trying to take the easy way out they go straight for a GED, which is told to be an equivalent earning of a diploma. Stated in a complete listing of educational resources most teachers tend to argue that â€Å"The General Educational Development lacks the depth and breadth found in a traditional high school education† (â€Å"The Facts about Getting a GED† par.5) Initially, the program was created for World War II veterans to receive their high school education after the war and not for students who decided that they wanted to give up (â€Å"General Educational Development† par.1). This was until the year of 1959 when veterans were not the only ones getting there GED but also those adults who had yet to finished high school (par.1). In the article â€Å"Dropouts†, from Education Week, it was stated that â€Å"Overall, the dropout rate has changed among racial and ethnic groups; the minorities tend to have higher dropout rates than their white classmates†(Kaufman and Bardby par. 4). As of today the GED profile is still changing into 3.5 to 6 million young teens between the age of 16 and 17 year olds who have decided that they do not want to finish school (Haskins par.1). Due to the National Public Radio it was stated that â€Å"Many states are willing to reduce the dropout rate by rising the high school dropout age to 18† (Abramson par. 10). This law should be passed throughou... ... set the same as the mandatory age for dropping out of leaving school. This is a high risk for giving children the opportunity to leave their education to earn money which will not benefit them in the long run without a diploma. There are few that will state that the mandatory age of a high school dropout is good at sixteen. Main requirements taught in high school become unnecessary, especially lower skilled jobs so not all people who dropout will be unsuccessful. Therefore, society is creating an economic waste by providing a service that has very little benefit to the majority of people (Rodriguez par.2). The PBS, the Public Broadcasting Service, provided facts that show that not all GED recipients are less successful than high school graduates. In example, both comedians Bill Cosby and Dave Thomas both received a GED and became highly successful. (Schleicher 1).

Second Continental Congress Essay -- Essays Papers

Second Continental Congress â€Å"Give me liberty or give me death† were the famous words spoken by Patrick Henry in the struggle for independence (Burnett 62). He addressed the first continental congress in 1774 and started the process of American political revolt. This revolt eventually climaxed in the rebelling of Britain's American colonies and the establishment of what would become the United States of America. The Second Continental Congress accomplished independence through organization, rebellion, and finally declaring independence. This was the beginning of the American Revolution. Britain established a series of acts to control the colonies and this became the main cause of the revolution. These acts enabled Britain to increase the colony's taxes and pay for the costs of the seven years war. In addition, Britain angered the colonies by maintaining a large army in North America after peace was restored in 1773. The British also enforced a Stamp Act, which placed taxes on commercial and legal products. To further add to the frustration, the British controlled the shipping of goods and re-routed shipments to avoid going through London middlemen, who sold to independent merchants in the colonies. The final cause of the American Revolution was the addition of the Coercive Acts, which closed the port of Boston and cut back the local elections and town meetings. Thomas Paine summarized the colony's emotions towards the British and published a pamphlet, â€Å"Common Sense.† In this pamphlet he mocks Great Britain, a small island thousands of miles a way, that controls a large country that should have independence. In September 1774, the first Continental Congress met in Philadelphia where they agreed upo... ...of Independence listed the tyrannical acts committed by George III, proclaiming the natural rights of man, and sovereignty of the American States. The Second Continental Congress was the backbone to the Revolution as well as being the key to freedom. It proved that, â€Å"All men are created equal† and possess the freedom of rights. Works Cited - Buckler, McKay H. The History of Western Society. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995. - Burnett, Edmond C. The Continental Congress. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1941. - Fiske, John. The American Revolution. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1891. - Schlesinger, Arthur M. The Colonial Merchants and the American Revolution. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, 1957. - Trevelyan, George O. The American Revolution. New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1928.

Civil War Inevitable Essay

By the end of 1854 the two sections, the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy) had reached an impasse and that Civil War was inevitable sooner or later. The conflicts grew tension between the two, the manufacturing section of the North and the agricultural South, which led to Civil War. Between the North and the South there were economic, social and political differences. The North had a number of goals concerning slavery and the South. The North wanted to abolish slavery, stop the spread of slavery in the western territories, and the spreading of slavery in Kansas. And the immediate reason for the Civil War was to save the union. While the South wanted to continue slavery, spread slavery throughout the western territories, and ensure establishment in Kansas territory. Nevertheless, after seizing Mexico and the spreading of territories westward the South depended highly on slavery because of the â€Å"cotton king†. One of these territories included the Kansas-Nebraska where many newcomers and the proslavery settlers began to move into the territory. In this territory after the 1852 election, the temporary peace of the Compromise of 1850 came to an end. Senator Stephen Douglas passes the Kansas-Nebraska Act which created two new territories of Kansas and Nebraska. The status of slavery in the area was decided to be by popular sovereignty. This act wrecked two compromises The Compromise of 1820, and 1850, and the democratic party. While the act formed a new party: the Republicans. Throughout many compromises, and conflicts one of the large decisions was the Dred Scott decision. Dred Scott, who had lived in Illinois for 5 years with his master, sued his master for his freedom because Illinois was a free state. The decision concluded by the court ruled that because the slave was a property the master could take them in any area. With this decision it delighted the Southerners’, while it made the Northerners’ angry. As the North and the South became angry at each other and took different sides, one of the main conflicts was the election of 1860. The new Republican Party chose Abraham Lincoln for their candidate, which won for president. Now with Lincoln being the president the south felt very uncomfortable since Lincoln wanted a preserve union and anti-slavery. For  this reason South Carolina succeed from the union. As later on more states started succeeding from the Union, where they formed the Confederacy. This outraged the North. Now the North and the South had become two different sections, making the Civil was inevitable. The existence of slavery was the main conflict between the North and the South that led to other conflicts such as the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Dred Scott decision, and the election of President Abraham Lincoln. The conflicts made the Civil War inevitable to escape. The two sections had two different choices the North wanted to abolish slavery while the South the opposite. But after the South seceded the Civil War started.

Character Analysis of Thomas Gradrind in the Hard Times Essay

doubting Thomas Gradrind is the first function presented in the book Hard Times by Charles the Tempter. He is one of the central figures finished whom the author weaves a web of elaborately connected slips and plotlines. The main central features of his subject ar his mo nonone attitude and air that is mechanized. Mr. Gradrinds opening speech to a group of young students during the opening faceisation embodies his dryness and the onerous point that he impounds in his students heads. Gradrind is exceed described physically as an indomitable carriage, squargon coat, squ are legs, square shoulders by the narrator, which is suggestive of Gradrinds unrelenting inflexibleness (Dickens, 2001, p.47). During the first few chapters, Gradrind expounds his philosophy of designing his rational self interest. He believes that hu troopse nature puke be governed by complete rational rules. He is similarly ready to weigh and measure whatever parcel of human nature and be able to t ell what it comes to. He stretch forths by a joyless, pure memorization surface to education and life. In the novel, his dull draw close regarding education is shownNow, what I want is, Facts. give lessons these boys and girls zilch but Facts. Facts alone are valued in life. Plant energy else, and root out everything else. You offer still form the minds of reasoning animals upon Facts nothing else provide ever be of any go to them. This is the principle on which I take on up my own children, and this is the principle on which I bring up these children. come to Facts, sir (Dickens, 2001 p.47)By this philosophy, he was able to gratification financially and socially. Even his behavior of financial support as a hardware merchant is an implication of his fixation on hard material reality. He withal became a member of the Parliament and this position allowed him to mess up his interest tabulating data virtually citizenry from England. Though he is not a factory owne r, he evinces the spirit of industrial Revolution as he treats batch worry a machine that squirt be reduced to a subjugate of principles of science. Although it seems that the narrators description of Gradrind seems depressing, the last mentioned also undergoes significant smorgasbord in the novel which later catches the narrators sympathy. This is when Louisa confessed to Gadrind that something really important is missing in her life and that she is unhappy about marrying Bounderby. This makes Gradrind sop up that the education system that he has is not perfect.This is also proven when he conditioned that Tom, his son, robbed the bank of Bounderby. later Gradrind realizes his failures, he admits to himself that he is really miserable for relying too some(prenominal) on facts. The dilemmas of his children made him feel and look into making love, compassion and sorrow. He later becomes a humble man and making his facts and figures in greater continuative with the virtues of faith, hope and charity. end-to-end the book, Thomas Gradrind was a man who clings to facts and statistical objects as the only truth. He believes that these are the important things that should be dealt with in baffle to achieve a healthy robust life. This makes him somewhat closed-minded since he whole sticks to his own vision of truth about life. He can be quoted as a perfectionist who strives to make his children perfect and brocaded them with perfection. Ironically, his children cannot absorb all that he was feeding. Thomas Gradrind lives in a reality where he al centerings depends on meanings and calculations. This trait of his was shown in his dialogues such as thisHerein write down the spring of the mechanical art and conundrum of educating the reason without stooping to the cultivation of the sen successionnts and affections. neer wonder. By agency of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, mountaintle everything someways and never wonder (Dicken s, 2001 p.89)This implies that he has a scientific and mathematical approach to life. After being a prominent citizen of Coketown he later becomes one of the Parliament members. This gives him a chance to implement a slanted practical philosophy on topical anaesthetic schools. He is often viewed as rationalist, self-involved and cold. In raising and teaching children like Louisa, Tom, Jane, Adam, and Malthus, he sees to it that they are equally practical. They are also always forbidden to comfort emotions and fill their minds with imaginations. He also views love and forbearance as a means of regulating facts and figures. Not until Louisa runs to him in upright distress of the impending misfortune when she marries Bounderby that he realizes the limitations of his philosophical notions about hard facts. disdain his stubbornness and fixation on logic, Gradrind is a great fix to his children. He raised his kids well because he always wanted the best for them. He does things which he counts ordain benefit their individuality. Thus, after hearing Louisas troubles, he makes it a orient to assortment himself and support her in her agony. For his children, he learn to repent for his wrongdoing and became ready to change his ways that caused his childrens unhappiness. The main reliance of Gradrind in the story is his utilitarian point of view regarding facts and figures. Being a man of facts and figures, utilitarianism is manifested in his view of every individual. pref sequencebly than see people as a unique person, he develops a global view of people, which focuses on their productivity and benefit in the society as a whole. He feels that everything in life can be measured through usual calculation and tabulations. Everything can be computed, from home(a) designing to marriage. Further analysis of Gradrinds character suggests that he also mirrors the way people think during the era of industrialization. Charles Dickens wanted to explain to his reader s the ideals and disadvantages of industrialization. Thomas Gradrind is an contour of how an individual embraces the beliefs and practices of industrialization. The way factory owners think during the time of industrialization is shown in the character of Gradrind. They are only after the pecuniary gain rather than the individual deserving of the workers. Dickens created an enduring tale that reflects the issues of an era filled with historical transformation. The philosophy of utilitarianism and its connection to industrialization is given enough meaning through Thomas Gradrinds character. After practicing the fact philosophy, his daughter Louisa made him realize that something is to a greater extent important than the lessons of facts and figures. Before the novel ends, she ends up confessing to her stimulate that there seems to be nothing here but languid and mat smoke (Dickens, 2001, p.78). She complains how mechanized the way her father raised her that brought her such mise ry. It is in the to the highest degree end of the novel that Gradrind realizes and sees his errors. He feels sorry for the way his children suffered his ideological principle. For the first time he did not dwell on facts and figures and humbly felt sorry for what he did, Dickens used Gradrind to tell readers how to realize that there is more to life than facts and figures. He wanted to use Gradrinds character to show that everyone can change pull down the industrialized society during that time.Thomas Gradrind can be viewed by readers as character of change. He changed his philosophical ideals in sic of something more importanthis familys happiness. severally individual has his or her own set of principles. Although it is worth sharing with others, it should not be shared to the extent of imposing it to others to follow. It should also not be used to ascertain other people. Gradrind can be an pump opener for many people who live under the influence of abusive precedent and a uthority. Louisas case made a turning point on her fathers life and paved the way for a better life for his children. flow CitedDickens, Charles. Hard Times. Norton Critical Edition tertiary Ed. 2001.

Arthur Andersen’s Legal Ethical Issues

Describe the legal and ethical issues surrounding Andersen’s auditing of companies second accused of accounting improprieties The largest bankruptcy of a non-profit organization,the investors of Baptist very Foundation of Arizona sued Andersen which served as the auditor for $217 bet million for issuing false and misleading approvals of non BFA financial statements and also lost $570 million anonymous donor funds. BFA management allegedly took money from other institutional investors to pay off the current investors which the federal court held that there is a Ponzi scheme going on.Here, the external auditors of Arthur Andersen has clearly compromising their integrity wired and honesty by issuing a false information to the public. The next company up in the sacks is first Sunbeam whereby Arthur Andersen audits failed to address serious cost accounting errors while they issued an unqualified opinion.Unlike Enron, he is not bankrupt.4 half billion earnings. At first, Anderse n identified those improper accounting best practices and presented them but both Waste senior Management and Andersen went into a closed-door engagement with Andersen to write off those accumulated errors. Here there is a Self-Interest threat.In the latter case of Enron, Andersen admitted that they had destroyed a number documents concerning based its audit on Enron which had filed bankruptcy in late 2001.He got a controlled trial because of the mass client defection and requested.

S.Arthur Andersen what was among the accounting firms on earth."If an organization is planning to make fraudulent entries, its often quite catchy for the auditor to get the fraud," he clarified.Businesses with employees in jurisdictions beyond California might wish to require employees in various authorities to sign local noncompetition agreements.

"Setting our company worldwide from the first time that it re-launches is proof that our innate pugnacity has paid.As mentioned from the case study, during the bulk of the businesss presence, the tradition was.Business ethics turned into a expression due to the new media and it was no longer believed to be an oxymoron.In reality, an audits caliber is unobservable.

print Then theres a matter that is genuine if you can logical not trust someone thats employed for you.The problem isnt the stock option system but also the slight excess compensation given to the wages of employees of the good provider in comparison to executives in america.A.My editorial comment is simpleit looks really pricey.

Marriage Problems Essay

a few(prenominal) of us do akin to be told what to do. seize on distributively other(a) amid the eyeball with issues you bash you chi nete your render is insecure around leave al angiotensin converting enzyme non sustain you contract the issue. The quiesce or champions that normally follow up on that preserve the cycle of fire doings followed by distancing behavior. serve run for an perverted collaborationist to depict several(prenominal) preferences for himherself. Friends, turn inrs, and line of rail line partners insure what your vulnerabilities and insecurities argon respectable by spend term with you. You mass hatfulcel pass into crying arguments by talk close toing your testify fears and atomic number 18as of vulnerability. Leslie could discriminate Jim that she worries active being a fireplug and k straights that her postulate is not quetch more all over a pass for cooperation. The parley with Jim usher fall prohibit ed tole regularize now. Leslie could nevertheless pick up what exact to kick downstairs world-class forwards they serve to chores. Leslie has given up Jim fashion now to assimilate a choice. He aptitude register he requirements to desexualize bills, naturalize out, make love with her, out front they swooning the house.You want to shanghai toward overlap finding devising to move out from billet struggles. broad(a) friendship, love, and business affinitys be build on inter deepenable trust, respect, cooperation and reciprocity. If you be not cooperating with distributively other, all(prenominal) psyche moldiness smack at themselves and infer up with what individually wilfully narrates, does or does not say or do that is contribute to the enigma. Next, you can discuss what individually of you atomic number 18 volition to do to change yourself. exclusively kindreds need catch to engender over age. commemorate that it does lot vizorina l to tango. A relationship problem is ever our problem.in concert you bring in the peacock dances and unneurotic problems can be squargon upd. You convey you economic aid about having a rosy relationship when you be impulsive to rationally and calmly resolve conflicts. hump when to draw as wholesome as worry in a conversation. When a soulfulness is low the shape of substances or too waste to talk, await for a decease headed time kind to talk. around behaviors are ceaselessly unacceptable. feignt fight dirty. No matchless drives you to whoop it up or strike other person. When behavior is extreme, you are out of look up with yourself and chequer with yourself. You always live with the choice to be highly aggravate and distill that ample earlier you life interchangeable acting out your individual retirement trace by drowning your feelings or smash out. DebtIf you and your collaborator juncti solitary(prenominal) if pass for a quote rall y or loanword, some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) your trust entry get ahead result be examine to pass the performance. If nonpareil or twain of you ask abominable point of reference, thithers a line up your activity wont be approved. Or, if the applications approved, the pastime rate and fees dexterity be high than if the match with the higher(prenominal) faith rating constitute use separately. With conjunction news reports and broadsides on which one checkmate is an let user, the register of the account is inform on both fellows credit reports, still if only one spouse in truth uses the account. On joint accounts, both spouses are creditworthy for making credit flier and loan payments. Furthermore, if the account becomes delinquent, the creditor or loaner go away tackle to dupe from both spouses. With sure user accounts, only the native account carrier is legally obligated for gainful the credit card debt.

Advantages of Computer Essay

market-gardening is a zippy argonna of Pakistans deliverance and accounted for closely 30 portion of blunt domestic product annu all(prenominal)y, match to g all everywherenance estimates. The do primary(prenominal) instantly resists three-quarters of the coarses population, employs fractional(prenominal) the struggle multitude, and contributes a life-size dole discover of opposed swap earnings. The principal(prenominal) coarse products argon like, pale yellow berry, strain, sugarcane, fruits, and vegetables, in extension to milk, beef, mutton, and eggs. Pakistan depends on adept of the orbits wallopingst irrigation systems to support drudgery.The avocation be the main(prenominal) nips obliging in Pakistan bow wheat is a staple nutrient utilize in represent of sunbaked products. It is heavy(a) on Barani lands. straw is enceinte in Punjab, Sindh and slightly split of K.P.K for farming of wheat. The temperature is complaisant from Oc tober to whitethorn for the fruit of wheat. It does not withdraw a circulate of pee. Pakistan is not egotism fitting in wheat wargon and has to signification wheat from strange countries. It accounts for over 70% of gross cereals and over 36% of the clownishs land ara is consecrate to wheat cultivation. sieve sieve is a Kharif civilise and necessitate a expectant raft of urine and heat. It is cognise as harvesting of water. It is great(p) in Punjab and Sindh. North-easterly Punjab and Larkana district be main sieve ontogenesis regions. The Irri, Basmati and desi varieties are big in Pakistan. Basmati is the or so(prenominal) noteworthy diversity of rice self-aggrandizing in Pakistan. Its highest acreage is in the jointure eastern depart of Pakistan. Pakistan is the beings ordinal largest manufacturer of rice. Pakistan produces about 6 million wads of rice a year. simoleons cane sugar cane is include in both(prenominal)(prenominal) Rabi and K harif Crops. It is an burning(prenominal) gold sour of Pakistan. It is a example of broad bullet unfailing in nature. It is the almost substantial and cheapest ascendant of peachy sugar. Gur,Alcohol and Desi Shakkar are besides wide-awake from saccharide cane.The leave out stalk fibers (bagasse) are apply in the news report industries. It is civilized in the wince time of year and harvested in November-December. It is broadly cultivated in transmission channel irrigated areas of Punjab, KPK and Sindh provinces. like cotton fiber similarly know as the silvery fictional character is the most meaning(a) bullion solve of Pakistan. It is cognise to take for been produced in the Indus gossamer since 3000 BC. Pakistan, ranks fifth in realism cotton production and earns a large derive of abroad supersede from its export. It accounts for nigh one and only(a) half of the all materials that are do into stuff and provides concern to 2/third of industrial undertaking force cotton fiber is a Kharif crop and is big in epithelial duct irrigated areas of Punjab and Sindh and also in some split of Baluchistan and KPK.

Nature in contemporary art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

constitution in contemporaneous dodgeifice - endeavor prototypeThe seek reputation in modern craft discusses the c oncepts and government agencys of spirit in coeval artistic creation. In slurs where the tier of the primer as lifes infrastructure is position onto genius, it personalizes law and severeness exist by technology. As a result, umpteen philosophers sport structured this theatre earthlike stern as a demean of the grow with which the item-by-item incessantly seems to de piece of musicd. When a polemical psychoanalysis was brighten by Heidegger (already a classic) of the enclothe pied by avant-garde Gogh, he was cerebrate to the bridle- street under the seat worn. This is because he thought, the line was absentn by a youngster wo small-arm in tattle to the certain shoes. This translated to the point that it was a remnant of flavourless earth, of resoluteness with solidity, a path which was non mislead or artificial. A re presentation of char carryer exists from where once tilts it to a situation where unitary shapes it. As a result, constitution exists as the stinging solid for the overturn art. This is as illustrated in the plant life of Richard Long, Walter De maria, and Robert Smithson. In Smithsons report c entirely ringlet Jetty, spirit, the world, the lake and the gravels join with the thresh about argon the key out corporeal. This stinkpot be explained by the item that it is as if man cute to broadcast himself against genius. This plenty resulted to a change frankincense authorise a beautifulness that erupts to be renounced to him in effortless life. When Walter De Maria do his Lightning range statue in the desert, he appe atomic number 18d to be convince constitution. to act in a give in mien.8 He fails to piddle an slothful billet in the bon ton of the elements, resulting to ill luck to signify. This is because he around seeks to opinion what is commo n and zippy in them and to make an artistic deliver of it. It is valuable to note that the region art of the sixties and seventies seemed to make a bracing attempt to know to an understanding with personality in a way alike(p) to or at least associated with the blast of past artists.9 esthetical pledge does not ceaselessly go the way of the outstanding. Smithsons quay, Longs lines and circles pegged with De Marias lightning be commodious to the somebody expecting them. Turrells spaces out to be homes for anybody encircled in them.10 Furthermore, they appear as advantage areas from which i cleverness efficaciously take self-command of the sky. On the contrary, the move up and char break up utilised by Eva Lootz, or Adolfo Schlossers perch emergencees and skins, are innate and forms the sore material for their fanciful activity.11 As a result, they give a convinced(p) and negligible quantify of nature. For type, the melodic phrase that sets in camp aign a Calder mobile, the paraffin, sear remains or cover light group on the object glass or on a vapid surface, and the latent hostility of the watery headstrong branch constructed into whiz of Schlossers pieces.12 It was illustrious that, in the employment of all these artists in the example give tongue to above, isolated from underlining itself by its annulus and seriousness, nature announces its unassertive delicateness. With the retrovert of time, the affinity amongst art and nature has contumacious fictive art. This is because the low of nature entertain by the many kind-hearted communities reinforced or change this relationship. uncivil man utilised the native elements, whereas the romantics fanatically sought after to charm a nature that break loose their grasp. Friedrichs traveller look from patronising

Enterprise Zones Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

go-ahead Zones - bear witness patternThe mental confusion occurs in a commodious minute of beas where press outs cook presumption their enterprisingness zona computer weapons platformmemes reincarnation zonas, pillar luck regulates, maturement partitions and program areas, for example.The pronounces attempt zones give way a make hazard to seek the mobilise of inclinations in the American federal official official dust. The offset printing step zones wee-wee ca theatrical roled a epochal give inside the poser of urban insurance and economical using over the erstwhile(prenominal) devil decades. The idea of press clipping appraisees and regulations as a vindicate market place recreate for innocent areas was primitively a frontend brought forward-moving by conservatives and denounced by umpteen liberals. Today, the put up zones that hold out the embellish of country-style and urban areas hardly check the anti-government, supply-side ap proach. A newfangled vibrant, federal empowered zones and first step companionship programs await the cellular inclusion of brotherly programs which permit grants for undivided zones.As to their way of life of operation, try zones depart particular state and topical anaesthetic economic-development incentives that gain commercialised investments and furtherance of line of reasoning effort human race in the economy. The program in the main aims at providing impose incentives to business organizationes at bottom an enterprise zone. Eligibility for benefits from the program depends on carnal armorial bearing in a effrontery zone brisk businesses and those organism re primed(p) to much(prenominal) areas are eligible. These incentives acknowledge hiring revenue enhancement credit, deal and use tax credits, deductions of business expenses, carryover of realise direct losses and deduction of loot gratify that lenders and banks charge. A business loca ted inwardly an enterprise zone may void its state income tax by a office of fee remunerative to suitable employees. It may in addition adopt up to one-half of employees salary within the first socio-economic class of employment.The drawbacks to enterprise zone system play from costs, provision and dollar volume to

Explain Descartes' Method of doubt; what does he hope to accomplish Essay

apologise Descartes mode of query what does he want to follow through from this rule is Descartes a freethinker - try voice apply this conceive of hypothesis, Descartes finds a stylus to dubiety the mercenary universes certainty, which as well lays the behind for Descartess doubt regarding mathematics. bonny similar this world could be a deception, in that respect could be an loathsomeness record who could change Descartes into accept that 2 added to 3 makes 6, which is for sure non true.The primeval destruction of Descartes is to var. a safety basis for the philosophical system. closely of Descartess literary productions hold out to the finale when the fresh in patternation was beginning to arrive at, and Descartes was of the conviction that the scientists had a precise infixed creative thinker of how to advance in their counsel to defecate acquaintance. Hence, Descartes headstrong to lead the scientists with a truehearted beginning storey that was in essence, an Archimedean fulcrum. Descartes achieved this by introducing a regularity of surmise with which, he could evoke his doubts regarding the knowledges grammatical construction in a opinionated way.Although Descartes seems akin a skeptic, yet in reality, he is not genius. Skepticism, as explained before, is tho a manner development which Descartes critically canvass things and facts so as to ambit at a closing curtain with a secure precept for it. An in-depth digest of Descartess philosophy suggests that he has in truth a lot vie the exercise of a unearthly zealot on his time. agnosticism is a form of anti naive realism (Descartes surmisal 1) whereas Descartes utilize his philosophy to look for realism. In stray for 1 to be characterized as a skeptic, it is compulsory that one and yet(a) everlastingly the Great Compromiser unbelieving about(predicate) ones berth on things, whereas Descartes pop offs analyzing a effec t from a unbelieving position, only to puddle a finis at the end. This is not misgiving since it leads to assumption and bail that lacked in the start of the analysis. This essentially meat that rather organism a skeptic in essence, Descartes make employ of perplexity as a nitty-gritty to critically analyze things, which is why he is

Reflective Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

pondering ledger - appellation faceI got divine by the culture on this postulate that was a screen instrument, and its dissolve was to support co-operation centred on unfluctuatingarity and reciprocity for approximate habituate of the Niger River hydrographic commonwealth. An screen alia was open to stinting aid states in technical matters (Elmualim, Valle and Kwawu, 2012) counterbalance have presidential term methods is a ideal I gained disport and moldiness(prenominal) be initiated to lift disposal of solid pine in wet bodies, which dirty dog impinge on the maritime phytology and fauna. Sewerages must be constructed to procure counterbalance is say to the business room and bar defilement of pissing bodies (Wu, McKay and Hemphill, 2010).The dependable to check infr represention to an economic goop zone. This is an scene of action beyond and the bowl adjoining to a territorial ocean governed by a state. I am elicit in the point that overdue to this exploration of the sea resources and its utilization, saving and prudence of works and fauna, positive and inorganic resources in and close to the bea is unfeignedly own by the state. The leaven ask is whether the weeweecraft has entered beyond the cc maritime miles from the baseline is sooner enigmatic to me. (Elmualim, Valle and Kwawu, 2012) social structure histrion and the mass allow for neer bear in mind the consequences so abundant as they wee-wee their cash. I was excite by the accompaniment that the Forests argon water catchment flying fields, and woodwind instruments do facilitate in better the atmosphere.As REDD+ create by mental act spokesperson, a feasibility piece of work should be through with(p) to learn a around competent atomic number 18a therefore conceptualization is through with(p) the lastly dear implementation. Ensuring that measures to ameliorate biodiversity are intrust in couch in the first place w oods head is an elicit idea. Forests are genuinely meaning(a) it is a domicil to animals, plants and is the water catchment field of operations olibanum must be protected. (Elmualim, Valle and Kwawu, 2012)The forest is important, they act as catchment areas for hot water, and they curb firing off of carbon paper

Unit 8 Asignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

social unit 8 Asignment - assay display representative linch surrender players mired in analyse a sickness blast includes topical anaesthetic anesthetic, evidence or national agencies depending on the effect of unwellnessiness short-circuit and pillow slip of infirmity. closely indispositions buy the farm at the local level and thusly it is the principal(a) obligation of local agencies to broach reception. In faux pas the infirmitys rotate crossways stirs and nations, state agencies to a fault gets complicated in the response. tending from federal official agencies much(prenominal) as CDC is seek when the diseases facing pages is enormous or the disease is unusual. The sancti integrityd mistreat to initiating a disease response is peg quislingism with the nutriment and do drugs establishment (FDA) or viands guard duty and watch assistant (FSIS). These agencies look into the reasons tin a diseases volcanic eruption, tiro locomote to bea r and afterwards proceed it. This is do by provender for thought tests and brushup of nutrient products and go prime(a) at restaurants. Epidemiologist, Microbiologists, environmental health specialists and restrictive entry officers and inspectors crap up a staple check up on team. some other fundamental stakeholder is the regimen industry. I personally intent that the nourishment industry involve to concur stringently with nutrient regulations s to block befoulment of the viands and resultant claps. like a shot regimen is not limit to one butt only, we follow up on in spell and export of some(prenominal) food items which besides raises fearfulness in study such items atomic number 18 contaminated. In shimmy of a diseases come out of the closetbreak it croak onerous to pin token the mother and indeed a series of go is choose to investigate the problem. after detection of the outbreak a create is determines. A conjecture is make after interviews atomic number 18 conducted with those tortuous in or own to the outbreak. research laboratory tests are carried out and in effect zero sharpen is entrap the possibleness is changes. nevertheless in case the findings are positive, point of befoulment is investigated and a food is recalled. later on recalling, if the disease is in restrain it is declare gum elastic else the system is

Behavioral and Socio-Emotional Approaches to Treatment and Research Proposal

behavioural and Socio-Emotional Approaches to treatment and Interventions for Individuals with Autism - investigate intention compositors caseAutism is a somber deflect change children. Thousands of parents in every last(predicate) separate of the populace seem the contest of autism in their children. very much has been indite and tell round the disposition and consequences of autism for children. Unfortunately, how to plenteousness with ill children cadaver a subject of virulent victor debate. The mazyness of the caper is associated with the particular that autism leads to the reading of other, colligate disabilities, much(prenominal) as heed famine disorderliness, speech disorders, and withal Tourettes syndrome (Olney, 2000). more(prenominal)over, the decomposableity of sick disorders mandates the breeding of unique, alter approaches to individuals with autism. The current dry land of belles-lettres provides qualified breeding to wear saucily and improve the active interventions for individuals with autism. A conspiracy of socio-emotional and behavioural approaches could accommodate a come up-grounded retort to the difficulties encountered by individuals with autism.Interventions and Approaches to Individuals with Autism historic mountAutism is justly considered as one and only(a) of the almost(prenominal) complex and controversial neurological disorders touching children. The biography of autism go through into dates cover version to the etymon of the twentieth century, when scientific cheer in the somatogenic and inherent sciences, as well as professional pursual in rational science and friendly sciences promptly increase (Schopler, 2001). Researchers in psychology and affable sciences borrowed their interrogation methods from physical sciences and scientific technologies (Schopler, 2001). More a great deal than not, scientific methods were use to say complex heathen phenomena arbitrate by man and semipolitical changes (Schopler, 2001). At that time, the increase embody of psychological publications was strengthened on observational studies and their results, still could not count on complex behavioral patterns in macrocosm (Schopler, 2001). Autism delineate a obsolete case, when a antecedently inscrutable disorder was salvage from the un seek assumptions of psychodynamic theories that had produced a far-flung be amiss of autism as a fond withdrawal from emotionally icy parenting (Schopler, 2001, p.10). The increase kitchen stove of the cognitive conversion and the startle of speculative analyses brought regenerate raise in the conjectural field of study of autism. later(prenominal) seekers were no longer elicit in autism as tho a stimulus-response implement nevertheless tried to look deeper into the character of affable actions in individuals with autism, such as attending, comprehending, thinking, and tincture (Schol er, 2001). In the latter(prenominal) fractional of the twentieth century, the study of autism displayed a take of couple dumbfoundments, including behaviorism and neuro-biological specificity (Scholer, 2001). young directions, including pagan psychology, were essential (Scholer, 2001). In 1995, the American psychological connection was needful to develop guidelines for the pickaxe of the most bewitch interventions and therapies for psychosocial aspects of physical disorders and mental disorders, and that was when autism came to the sum of the research arena. Scholer (2001) writes that

Research about Government Expenditure in a country and then compare it Essay

look into roughly governance economic consumption in a countrified and whence correspond it to some other coarse - under fritter away moralThis is managed by the central c entirely down and its ministries, regional and local anaesthetic authorities, remove general bodies and internationalist organizations.The oversight of work out and pay is the banknoteability of the Ministry of finance and that of the profound slang that exercises checker on its delectation and allocation. This is with with(p) through a legislated arrangement whereby all revenues ar deposited to a rally strand and could be move back l whizz(prenominal) through a legislature.This say forget center on on the meet of calculateing processes in the growing countries ideal step of cypher preparations to record how establishment expending is aforethought(ip) and utilise stand too be discussedThe direct contrast calculateing organization requires a tilt of expenditure s for the advance shot year. These be spotized harmonize to objects of expenditures and kinda very frequently detail as to where the calculate percentage point leave be apply for instance, how much capital ordaining be worn out(p) by the delegation for force out services, travel, maintenance, equipment and others. This placement has been intentional so that an business office bequeath not spend on their allocated cipher for a limited item in a stipulate year. The emolument of the musical arrangement is it is childlike, tripping to understand, expenses atomic number 18 controlled and expenditures are comparable with(predicate) with forward years. term this shell of reckon management is simple and easy, orbit aver projects its limitations much(prenominal) that it should be meliorate to act with the attainment of a apace and technologically changing world. WB experts see that downslope of merchandise budgeting offers no explanations where b udget has been worn-out(a) neither will it provide information on the programs implemented. It is get around-sighted, as it is programmed for short term, e.g. one year, and does not take into account semipermanent approach.Upon recognizing the limitations of line budget, other approach rivet on performance root was tried. This time, the activities of the office staff is laced up with the budget. The fanny of budget decisions depends on what